The BTZ black hole, named after
Máximo Bañados
Maximo or Máximo may refer to:
Arts
* Capcom video game series
** ''Maximo: Ghosts to Glory'' (also known as just ''Maximo'')
** ''Maximo vs. Army of Zin'', the sequel to ''Ghosts to Glory''
* Maxïmo Park, a British indie rock band
* Maximu or M ...
,
Claudio Teitelboim
Claudio Bunster Weitzman (; born April 15, 1947) is a Chilean theoretical physicist. Until 2005 his name was Claudio Teitelboim Weitzman.
Biography
Claudio Bunster attended at Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera, a prestigious publi ...
, and
Jorge Zanelli, is a
black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitation, gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other Electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts t ...
solution for
(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity with a negative
cosmological constant
In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant,
is the constant coefficient of a term that Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field equ ...
.
History
In 1992 Bañados, Teitelboim and Zanelli discovered the BTZ black hole
solution
Solution may refer to:
* Solution (chemistry), a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another
* Solution (equation), in mathematics
** Numerical solution, in numerical analysis, approximate solutions within specified error bounds
* Soluti ...
. This came as a surprise, because when the cosmological constant is zero, a vacuum solution of (2+1)-dimensional gravity is necessarily flat (the Weyl tensor vanishes in three dimensions, while the Ricci tensor vanishes due to the Einstein field equations, so the full Riemann tensor vanishes), and it can be shown that no black hole solutions with event horizons exist.
[https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.064063] But thanks to the negative cosmological constant in the BTZ black hole, it is able to have remarkably similar properties to the 3+1 dimensional Schwarzschild and Kerr black hole solutions, which model real-world black holes.
Properties
The similarities to the ordinary black holes in 3+1 dimensions:
* It admits a
no hair theorem
The no-hair theorem states that all stationary black hole solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations of gravitation and electromagnetism in general relativity can be completely characterized by only three independent ''externally'' observabl ...
, fully characterizing the solution by its
ADM-mass, angular momentum and charge.
* It has the same
thermodynamical properties as traditional black hole solutions such as Schwarzschild or Kerr black holes, e.g. its entropy is captured by a law directly analogous to the
Bekenstein bound
In physics, the Bekenstein bound (named after Jacob Bekenstein) is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy ''S'', or Shannon entropy ''H'', that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or co ...
in (3+1)-dimensions, essentially with the surface area replaced by the BTZ black hole's circumference.
* Like the
Kerr black hole
The Kerr metric or Kerr geometry describes the geometry of empty spacetime around a rotating uncharged axially symmetric black hole with a quasispherical event horizon. The Kerr metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations of ge ...
, a rotating BTZ black hole contains an inner and an outer horizon, analogous to an
ergosphere
file:Ergosphere_and_event_horizon_of_a_rotating_black_hole_(no_animation).gif, 300px, In the ergosphere (shown here in light gray), the component ''gtt'' is negative, i.e., acts like a purely spatial metric component. Consequently, timelike or ligh ...
.
Since (2+1)-dimensional gravity has no
Newtonian limit
In physics, the Newtonian limit is a mathematical approximation applicable to physical systems exhibiting (1) weak gravitation, (2) objects moving slowly compared to the speed of light, and (3) slowly changing (or completely static) gravitational ...
, one might fear that the BTZ black hole is not the final state of a
gravitational collapse
Gravitational collapse is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity, which tends to draw matter inward toward the center of gravity. Gravitational collapse is a fundamental mechanism for structure formatio ...
. It was however shown, that this black hole could arise from collapsing matter and we can calculate the energy-moment tensor of BTZ as same as (3+1) black holes. section 3 Black Holes and Gravitational Collapse.
The BTZ solution is often discussed in the realm on (2+1)-dimensional
quantum gravity
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics; it deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vi ...
.
The case without charge
The metric in the absence of charge is
:
where
are the black hole radii and
is the radius of AdS
3 space. The mass and angular momentum of the black hole is
:
BTZ black holes without any electric charge are locally isometric to
anti-de Sitter space
In mathematics and physics, ''n''-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS''n'') is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant negative scalar curvature. Anti-de Sitter space and de Sitter space are named after Willem de Sitter (1872†...
. More precisely, it corresponds to an
orbifold
In the mathematical disciplines of topology and geometry, an orbifold (for "orbit-manifold") is a generalization of a manifold. Roughly speaking, an orbifold is a topological space which is locally a finite group quotient of a Euclidean space.
D ...
of the
universal covering space A covering of a topological space X is a continuous map \pi : E \rightarrow X with special properties.
Definition
Let X be a topological space. A covering of X is a continuous map
: \pi : E \rightarrow X
such that there exists a discrete spa ...
of AdS
3.
A rotating BTZ black hole admits
closed timelike curve
In mathematical physics, a closed timelike curve (CTC) is a world line in a Lorentzian manifold, of a material particle in spacetime, that is "closed", returning to its starting point. This possibility was first discovered by Willem Jacob van Sto ...
s.
See also
*
Cosmic string
Cosmic strings are hypothetical 1-dimensional topological defects which may have formed during a symmetry-breaking phase transition in the early universe when the topology of the vacuum manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not simp ...
*
MTZ black hole The MTZ black hole, named after Cristian Martinez, Ricardo Troncoso and Jorge Zanelli, is a black hole solution for (3+1)-dimensional gravity with a minimally coupled self-interacting scalar field.
The event horizon is a surface of constant negativ ...
*
AdS black hole
In theoretical physics, an anti-de Sitter (AdS) black hole is a black hole solution of general relativity or its extensions which represents an isolated massive object, but with a negative cosmological constant. Such a solution asymptotically app ...
References
;Notes
;Bibliography
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Btz Black Hole
Black holes
Quantum gravity
Mathematical methods in general relativity