![Mark 41 thermonuclear bomb casing](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Mark_41_thermonuclear_bomb_casing.jpg)
The B-41 (also known as Mk-41) was a
thermonuclear weapon
A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design. Its greater sophistication affords it vastly greater destructive power than first-generation nuclear bombs, a more compact size, a low ...
deployed by the United States
Strategic Air Command in the early 1960s. It was the most powerful nuclear bomb ever developed by the United States, with a maximum yield of . The B-41 was the only three-stage thermonuclear weapon fielded by the U.S.
[The B-41 (Mk-41) Bomb]
Nuclear Weapon Archive. (accessed April 8, 2015).
History
In June 1955, the
US Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national sec ...
requested a feasibility study for a Class B (over weight) bomb and warhead. By summer of 1956, US Air Force Strategic Air Command produced a requirement for a Class B bomb, while the DoD produced a requirement for a Class B warhead.
The University of California's Radiation Laboratory (now
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) proposed the use of the existing Bassoon device that was test fired in the Zuni and Tewa shots of
Operation Redwing
Operation Redwing was a United States series of 17 nuclear test detonations from May to July 1956. They were conducted at Bikini and Enewetak atolls by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF7).Blumenson, Martin and Hugh D. Hexamer (1956). ''A History of ...
. Stockpiling of this new weapon was planned for January 1959. Dirty and clean (low fission fraction) versions of the device were proposed, with the clean version being dependent on a nuclear test in
Operation Hardtack I
Operation Hardtack I was a series of 35 nuclear tests conducted by the United States from April 28 to August 18 in 1958 at the Pacific Proving Grounds. At the time of testing, the Operation Hardtack I test series included more nuclear detonation ...
.
The nomenclature of TX-41 and XW-41 was assigned to the weapon in November 1956, and in December plans were made to conduct drop tests of the weapon from the
B-47 bomber. A
laydown Laydown delivery is a mode of delivery found in some nuclear gravity bombs: the bomb's descent to the target is slowed by parachute so that it lands on the ground without detonating. The bomb then detonates by timer some time later. Laydown deliver ...
version of the bomb was requested, however development of such a weapon would add 1 to 2 more years to its development. A non-laydown weapon was subsequently requested. The weapon's military characteristics were approved in February 1957.
The weapon was to be carried by the B-47,
B-52
The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air ...
,
B-66 and systems
110A and
125A. The bomb would be able to withstand without damage the various flight stresses. Fuzing would include contact and air-burst modes, and would be selectable in flight. Contact fuzing would act as a backup for airburst fuzing and a parachute to slow the rate of fall would be developed. Compatability with the
Navaho missile
The North American SM-64 Navaho was a supersonic intercontinental cruise missile project built by North American Aviation (NAA). The final design was capable of delivering a nuclear weapon to the USSR from bases within the US, while cruising at ...
and
B-58 bomb pod was also requested.
By March 1957, it was decided to place equal emphasis on the clean and dirty versions of the weapon. By this point the weapon was to be in diameter, with a warhead length of and weight of , while the bomb was to have a length of and weigh . Compatibility with the B-58 was cancelled in May 1957, and the warhead version of the weapon was cancelled in July 1957.
In July 1957, tests of the contact fuze were made by firing shells through the nose of the bomb. These tests showed that there was sufficient time between contact and the firing signal being sent for the fuze design to work correctly. In August 1957, the primary of the device in a device mockup was tested during shot Smoky of
Operation Plumbbob
Operation Plumbbob was a series of nuclear tests that were conducted between May 28 and October 7, 1957, at the Nevada Test Site, following '' Project 57'', and preceding '' Project 58/58A''.
Background
The operation consisted of 29 explosion ...
, yielding . The device was subsequently tested in shots Sycamore, Poplar and Pine of Hardtack I in 1958. Sycamore, a clean test, was a fizzle, producing only instead of the predicted . Poplar was a retest of Sycamore with a predicted yield of and only fission yield. The actual yield was . Pine was a three-stage variant of the clean device, with a predicted yield of , but the test only yielded .
In June 1958, the requirement to be able to select air and ground burst fuzing modes from the cockpit was cancelled. This change meant that fuzing selection had to be made on the ground before takeoff. In August 1958, the first production date for the weapon slipped to May 1960. Issues with the weapon now meant that compatibility was limited to the B-47 and B-52 bombers. Compatibility with the B-70 would require significant changes to the aircraft. Further, due to the new emphasis on low level releases to avoid radar detection and due to the fact that the TX-41 could only be dropped from high altitude, the question of continuing the program was raised.
One item raised in support of continuing the program was that the bomb could replace the
Mark 36 bomb. Another proposal was to delay the program and include a full-fuzing (FUFO) capability into the weapon that would allow for laydown delivery. However, in September 1958, the Radiation Laboratory and Sandia informed Field Command that to add FUFO to the weapon would require a completely new weapon, including nuclear testing.
In November 1958 it was decided that the weapon would always be deployed in the parachute retarded condition, and thus an option selector switch was no longer needed. In December, Sandia raised issues with the safety of the weapon and proposed additional safing devices. This was provided with additional switches in the aircraft monitor station. In January 1959, the previous decision to only use parachute retarded fuzing was reversed and it was asked to reinstate the fuzing selector.
Pilot production of the weapon was authorised in April 1959 and full production authorised in September 1959. Early production of the Mark 41 Mod 0 was achieved in September 1960 and production continued until June 1962. Approximately 500 bombs were produced. The weapon was replaced by the more versatile
B53 bomb B53 or B-53 may refer to :
* B53 nuclear bomb
The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Deployed on Strategic Air Command bombers, the B53, with a yield of 9 megaton ...
between November 1963 and July 1976.
Design
The weapon was long, with a body diameter of . It weighed . It was carried only by the
B-52 Stratofortress and
B-47 Stratojet
The Boeing B-47 Stratojet (Boeing company designation Model 450) is a retired American long-range, six-engined, turbojet-powered strategic bomber designed to fly at high subsonic speed and at high altitude to avoid enemy interceptor aircraft. ...
. It could be deployed in free-fall or retarded free-fall, and had both air burst and ground burst fuzing. The weapon did not have a
laydown fuzing capability as the design of the physics package did not make that possible without extensive redesign and further nuclear testing.
The B-41 was the only three-stage thermonuclear weapon fielded by the US. Two versions were deployed: The Mk-41Y1, a yield, dirty version with a tertiary stage encased with
U-238 (
natural uranium); and the Mk-41Y2, a yield, clean version with a lead-encased tertiary.
It was the highest-yield nuclear weapon ever fielded by the United States, and had the highest publicly known yield-to-weight ratio of any weapon.
Efficiency
During its operational lifetime, the B-41 was the most efficient known thermonuclear weapon in terms of yield to actual weight, with a ratio (based on a yield). Its blast yield was to that of the ''
AN602 Tsar Bomba'', which delivered a blast of , depending on its own configuration as a clean or dirty bomb. However even at the Tsar Bomb's theoretical maximum yield of , it would still only achieve a yield to weight ratio of ~ , thus the B-41 has the highest
yield to weight ratio of any weapon ever created.
W41 warhead
In November 1956, development of the W41, a
warhead
A warhead is the forward section of a device that contains the explosive agent or toxic (biological, chemical, or nuclear) material that is delivered by a missile, rocket, torpedo, or bomb.
Classification
Types of warheads include:
* Expl ...
version of the B41, began at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Investigated as a possible warhead for the
SM-64 Navaho
The North American SM-64 Navaho was a supersonic intercontinental cruise missile project built by North American Aviation (NAA). The final design was capable of delivering a nuclear weapon to the USSR from bases within the US, while cruising at ...
, a cruise missile then in development,
work on the warhead continued through July 1957, when the project was canceled.
See also
*
List of nuclear weapons
This is a list of nuclear weapons listed according to country of origin, and then by type within the states.
United States
US nuclear weapons of all types – bombs, warheads, shells, and others – are numbered in the same sequence starting wi ...
*
Nuclear weapon yield
Notes
References
{{United States nuclear devices
Cold War aerial bombs of the United States
Nuclear bombs of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s