Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern
Aegean coast of
Turkey. It is a district of
Balıkesir province
Balıkesir Province ( tr, ) is a province in northwestern Turkey with coastlines on both the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Its adjacent provinces are Çanakkale to the west, İzmir to the southwest, Manisa to the south, Kütahya to the southe ...
. The town centre is connected to
Cunda Island
__NOTOC__
Cunda Island, also called Alibey Island, ( tr, Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi ( gr, Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically ...
by a causeway and is surrounded by the
archipelago of
Ayvalık Islands
Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of Balıkesir province. The town centre is connected to Cunda Island by a causeway and is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands, which face ...
, which face the nearby
Greek island of
Lesbos
Lesbos or Lesvos ( el, Λέσβος, Lésvos ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Asia Minor by the na ...
Ayvalık ('Quince Orchard') was an ancient Aeolian Greek port-town, called (). Its name was changed to Ayvalık in the Ottoman era. Before 1923 the town was predominantly Greek, and although the
Turks used its Turkish name, the Greeks used both the old name ''Kydonies'' and the new one Hellenised to (). The Greeks knew Cunda Island as ''Moschonisia'' (literally "The Perfumed Islands"'')'' while the Turks called it Alibey Island (''Alibey Adası'').
Under the Ottomans Ayvalık had a flourishing olive-oil-production industry and the chimneys of the old factories can still be seen about town. In modern times production has revived in a smaller-scale boutique format.
Daily
ferries
A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water t ...
operate between Ayvalık and
Mytilene
Mytilene (; el, Μυτιλήνη, Mytilíni ; tr, Midilli) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of ...
on nearby
Lesbos Island,
Greece, during the summer with a reduced service in winter.
The nearest airport to Ayvalık is
Balıkesir Koca Seyit Airport (EDO) near
Edremit.
Geography
Ayvalık is the southernmost district of Balıkesir province and lies between
Edremit Gulf The Edremit gulf tr, Edremit körfezi el, Αδραμυττηνός κόλπος, Adramyttinós kólpos is an Aegean gulf in Turkey's Balıkesir Province. It is named after Edremit, an ilçe (district) of Balıkesir Province which is situated cl ...
and
Dikili Gulf Dikili Gulf ( tr, Dikili Körfezi) is an Aegean gulf of Turkey.
The gulf is named after the district center Dikili. The midpoint of the gulf is at
The gulf is mostly in İzmir Province and partly in Balıkesir Province including Sarımsaklı be ...
of the
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea ; tr, Ege Denizi (Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος: "Egéo Pélagos", Turkish: "Ege Denizi" or "Adalar Denizi") is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans ...
. Its centre is situated on a narrow coastal plain surrounded by low hills to the east which are covered with
pine and
olive trees. Ayvalık is surrounded by the
archipelago of the
Ayvalık Islands
Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of Balıkesir province. The town centre is connected to Cunda Island by a causeway and is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands, which face ...
(the largest of which is
Cunda Island
__NOTOC__
Cunda Island, also called Alibey Island, ( tr, Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi ( gr, Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically ...
) in the west, and by a narrow peninsula in the south named the Hakkıbey Peninsula.
South of Ayvalık are Altınova and Küçükköy/
Sarımsaklı which have long pristine beaches. To the north are
Gömeç
Gömeç is a town and district of Balıkesir Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Its former name was ''Armutova'' before becoming a district. The ancient city Kisthene is located in Gömeç. The population is 4988 (as of 2010). Current ma ...
,
Burhaniye
Burhaniye is a coastal town and district of Balıkesir Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. The district is located on the Aegean coast and is known for its olive oil.
Burhaniye has a port and a museum of archeology. A museum for the Turkish ...
and
Edremit.
Dikili
Dikili is a coastal town and a district of İzmir Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The district is quite picturesque both along its shoreline and in its inland parts, and is a popular summer resort. The central town of Dikili is situated a ...
district of
Izmir Province is to the south of Ayvalık. To the east of Ayvalık lies
Bergama
Bergama is a populous district, as well as the center city of the same district, in İzmir Province in western Turkey. By excluding İzmir's metropolitan area, it is one of the prominent districts of the province in terms of population and is larg ...
, with the remains of ancient
Pergamon.
The Greek island of
Lesbos
Lesbos or Lesvos ( el, Λέσβος, Lésvos ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Asia Minor by the na ...
is west of Ayvalık and connected to it by ferry.
Climate
The region has a typical
Mediterranean climate with mild and rainy winters and hot, dry summers.
History
Prehistory and classical antiquity
Archeological studies in the region have shown that Ayvalık and its environs were inhabited in the
prehistoric
Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use o ...
era.
Joseph Thacher Clarke believed that he had identified Ayvalık as the site of
Kisthene, which was mentioned by
Strabo as a ruinous place beside a harbour beyond Cape Pyrrha. However, Engin Beksaç of
Trakya University preferred to site Kisthene at Kız Çiftlik, near the centre of
Gömeç
Gömeç is a town and district of Balıkesir Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Its former name was ''Armutova'' before becoming a district. The ancient city Kisthene is located in Gömeç. The population is 4988 (as of 2010). Current ma ...
.
In his survey of the prehistoric and protohistoric settlements on the southern side of the Gulf of Adramytteion (Edremit) carried out in the 1990s and early 2000s, Beksaç studied the Ayvalık region. The survey identified several different settlements near the centre of Ayvalık which appear to relate to the Early Classical period. However, some settlements near the centre of Altınova were related to the prehistoric period, especially the Bronze and Iron Ages. Kortukaya was identified in the survey as one of the most important settlements in the area and one that aids in the understanding of the interaction between the peoples of the interior and of the coast. The same is true of Yeni Yeldeğirmeni, another settlement near the centre of Altınova.
Beksaç identified traces of a hill fort on Çıplak Island (Chalkys). Some Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery fragments related to the
Aeolians
The Aeolians (; el, Αἰολεῖς) were one of the four major tribes in which Greeks divided themselves in the ancient period (along with the Achaeans, Dorians and Ionians)..
Name
Their name mythologically derives from Aeolus, the mythical an ...
were also found here. Two tiny settlements, near the centre of Ayvalık, formed part of the ''peraia'' of
Mytilene
Mytilene (; el, Μυτιλήνη, Mytilíni ; tr, Midilli) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of ...
.
Pordoselene, on the eastern side of
Cunda Island, near the sea, was another important settlement in Antiquity. All the archaeological data was related to the Classical and Medieval Ages.
During the Byzantine period, the constant threat posed by Arab and Turkish
piracy prevented the islet settlements from growing larger. Only Cunda Island could maintain a higher level of habitation as it is the largest and the closest islet to the mainland.
Early Turkish periods
After the
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
period, the region came under the rule of the
Anatolian beylik
Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A secon ...
of
Karasi in the 13th century . Later it was annexed to the territory of the
Ottoman beylik (principality), which would become the
Ottoman Empire.
1770
Battle of Çeşme
The naval Battle of Chesme took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Chesme or Chesma) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a num ...
and aftermath
In 1770 the Ottoman navy suffered a major defeat against the Russians at Çeşme. The Ottoman admiral
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha or Hasan Pasha of Algiers (1713 – 19 March 1790) was an Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) (1770–90), Grand Vizier (1790), and general in the late 18th century.
Primary life
He is known to have been brought u ...
and the men who survived the disaster were lodged on their way back to the capital
Constantinople by an Ayvalık priest. Hasan Pasha did not forget the kindness shown to his sailors in their hour of need, and when he became
Grand Vizier, he granted virtual autonomy to the Greeks of Ayvalık in 1773, paving the way for it to become an important centre of cultures for that community during the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. Until 1922 Ayvalık remained an almost entirely Greek settlement.
1821 Greek struggle for independence
Following riots In 1821, the Greek Christian male population was massacred by the Turks, and the women and children were sent into slavery. The then British Ambassador Lord Strangford reported that Osman Pasha accepted the submission of the Aivaliotes, until he could get fresh instructions from Constantinople. However a squadron of Greek insurgents appeared, persuading the inhabitants to hope that it had come to their rescue, and that another revolt might meet with greater success. They accordingly rose en masse, and about fifteen hundred Turks were killed. But the appearance of the squadron turned out to have been merely accidental and it soon sailed away. The Turks then recovered their courage, and an indiscriminate massacre of the Greeks followed.
World War I and its aftermath
As of 1920, Ayvalık's population was estimated at 60,000.
Its small port was used to export
soap, olive oil, animal hides and
flour.
The British described Aivali (Ayvalık) and nearby Edremid (
Edremit) as having the finest
olive oil in Asia Minor
and reported large exports of it to
France and
Italy.
This industry suffered during the
First World War due to the deportation of the local Christian population (some of whom fled to the nearby Greek islands), who were the main producers of olive oil.
Alarmed at the decline of the industry, the Turkish government brought back 4,500 Greek families in order to resume olive oil production.
But although these repatriated Greeks were paid wages, they were not allowed to live in their own homes and were kept under official surveillance
On 29 May 1919 the town was occupied by the Greek Army, only to be reoccupied by the Turkish forces under the command of
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on 15 September 1922. Some of the population managed to escape to Greece. However, many of the local men were seized by the Turkish Army and died on
death marches into the interior of Anatolia. Among the victims were the Christian clergy and the local metropolitan bishop,
Gregory Orologas.
Following the
Turkish War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...
, the Greek population and their properties in the town were exchanged for a
Muslim population from
Greece, and other formerly held Ottoman Turkish lands, under the 1923 agreement for the
Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey ( el, Ἡ Ἀνταλλαγή, I Antallagí, ota, مبادله, Mübâdele, tr, Mübadele) stemmed from the " Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at ...
. Most of the new population consisted of
Greek Muslims from
Mytilene
Mytilene (; el, Μυτιλήνη, Mytilíni ; tr, Midilli) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of ...
(Lesbos),
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...
and
Macedonia. Until recently Greek could still be heard being spoken in the streets. Many of the town's older mosques are Greek Orthodox churches that have been given a new use.
History of Altınova
Until the early 1920s Altınova was a village called "Ayazmend". However, during
Atatürk's visit to the village, he was so impressed by its golden colour and the fertility of the Madra River's delta, that he called it the "Golden Delta," hence, Altınova.
Altınova had its own separate municipality within Ayvalık district until Balıkesir turned into a metropolitan city in 2014. With the local elections of 2014, Altınova Municipality ceased to exist and merged with Ayvalik Municipality.
Modern Ayvalık
Today, the population of Ayvalık is close to 80,000, which significantly increases during the summer due to tourism. Ayvalık and its environs are famous for high quality
olive oil production, which provides an important source of income for the local population.
Ayvalık and the
numerous islets encircling the bay area are popular holiday resorts. The largest and most important of these islets is
Cunda Island
__NOTOC__
Cunda Island, also called Alibey Island, ( tr, Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi ( gr, Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically ...
(Alibey Island) which is connected to Lale Island, and thence to the mainland, by a
bridge and
causeway
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete. One of the earliest known wooden causeways is the Sweet Tr ...
built in the late 1960s. This was the first bridge in Turkey to connect lands separated by a
strait
A strait is an oceanic landform connecting two seas or two other large areas of water. The surface water generally flows at the same elevation on both sides and through the strait in either direction. Most commonly, it is a narrow ocean chann ...
. Both Ayvalık and Cunda Island are famous for their
seafood
Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus ...
restaurants which line the seashore.
Ayvalık also has two of the longest sandy
beach
A beach is a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles. The particles composing a beach are typically made from rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, etc., or biological sources, such as mollusc shells ...
es - ''Sarımsaklı'' and ''Altınova'' beaches - in Turkey which extend as far as the
Dikili
Dikili is a coastal town and a district of İzmir Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The district is quite picturesque both along its shoreline and in its inland parts, and is a popular summer resort. The central town of Dikili is situated a ...
district of
İzmir nearly to the south. In recent years, Ayvalık has also become increasingly attractive to
scuba divers.
Ayvalık International Music Academy (AIMA) was established in September 1998.
[Ayvalık International Music Academy (AIMA)](_blank)
/ref> Students receive master-instructed classes for violin, viola
; german: Bratsche
, alt=Viola shown from the front and the side
, image=Bratsche.jpg
, caption=
, background=string
, hornbostel_sachs=321.322-71
, hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded by a bow
, range=
, related=
*Violin family ...
and cello
The cello ( ; plural ''celli'' or ''cellos'') or violoncello ( ; ) is a bowed (sometimes plucked and occasionally hit) string instrument of the violin family. Its four strings are usually tuned in perfect fifths: from low to high, C2, G2, ...
.
USA-based Harvard University and Turkey's Koç University
Koç University ( tr, Koç Üniversitesi) is a non-profit private university in Istanbul, Turkey. It started education in temporary buildings in İstinye in 1993, and moved to its current Rumelifeneri campus near Sarıyer in 2000. Koç Univers ...
run a Harvard-Koç University Intensive Ottoman & Turkish Summer School on Cunda Island every summer.
Ayvalık is also a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions
The European Association of Historic Towns and Regions (EAHTR), founded by the Congress of the Council of Europe in October 1999, is a self-governing organisation which groups together twelve associations, such as the Historic Towns Forum of Great ...
(EAHTR).
Attractions
In Ayvalık and Cunda
Both Ayvalık and Cunda have a rich heritage of lovely old stone houses built by the lost Greek population and still often called collectively ''Rum Evleri'' (Greek Houses). There are also a number of large and imposing Greek Orthodox churches, some of which have been converted into mosques. In the centre of town the Ayios Yannis Kilise became the Saatlı Cami (Clock Mosque) while Ayios Yorgis became the Çınarlı Cami (Plant Tree Mosque). The Taksiyarhis Kilise (Church of the Archangels) is now a museum. The Faneromanı (Ayazma) Kilise is derelict.
On Cunda there is another fine Taksiyarhis Kilise (Church of the Archangels) which was very obviously once at the very heart of the local community.
Cunda Island has a number of ''meyhanes'' with a very Greek feel to them as well as the Taş Kahve (Stone Teahouse) overlooking the harbour. In the back streets of Ayvalık the Şeytanın Kahvesi (Devil's Teahouse) is similarly Greek in atmosphere. It featured in a Turkish TV series called ''İki Yaka Bir İsmail'' (Two Continents, One İsmail).
Both Ayvalık itself and Cunda Island have attractive fishing harbours full of colourful boats. A few restaurants sell the ''papalina'' (whitebait) which is a local speciality.
Around Ayvalık
The ruins of three important ancient cities lie within a short drive of Ayvalık: Assos
Assos (; grc-gre, Ἄσσος, la, Assus) is a beautiful small and historically important town on the Aegean coast in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. It is on the southern side of Biga Peninsula (better known by its an ...
and Troy are to the north, while Pergamon (modern Bergama
Bergama is a populous district, as well as the center city of the same district, in İzmir Province in western Turkey. By excluding İzmir's metropolitan area, it is one of the prominent districts of the province in terms of population and is larg ...
) is to the east. Mount Ida
In Greek mythology, two sacred mountains are called Mount Ida, the "Mountain of the Goddess": Mount Ida in Crete, and Mount Ida in the ancient Troad region of western Anatolia (in modern-day Turkey), which was also known as the '' Phrygian Ida' ...
( Turkish: ''Kaz Dağı''), which played an important role in ancient
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient history cove ...
Greek mythology and folk tales, is also near Ayvalık (to the north) and can be seen from many points in and around the town centre.
The Gulf of Edremit and the coastal resort towns of Dikili
Dikili is a coastal town and a district of İzmir Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The district is quite picturesque both along its shoreline and in its inland parts, and is a popular summer resort. The central town of Dikili is situated a ...
(near ancient Atarneus
Atarneus (; grc, Ἀταρνεύς), also known as Atarna (Ἄταρνα) and Atarneites (Ἀταρνείτης), was an ancient Greek city in the region of Aeolis, Asia Minor. It lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos. It was on th ...
) and Foça (ancient Phocaea) are also within driving distance for daily excursions.
Olive cultivation
Ayvalık is said to have had millennia of experience in olive cultivation and now has over 2.5 million trees covering or 41.3% of the region. Hundreds of these trees are over 500 years old. Commercial production began in the 1950s and became prominent in the 1960s.The area is now the second largest producer of olives in Turkey.
The ''Ayvalık'' olive (24% and a good pollinator) is among the ten main cultivars in Turkey. 80% of the fruit is processed for oil, 20% for table olives,. The others are ''Çekiste'' (26% yield with 1,300,000 trees), ''Çelebi'' (400, 000 trees and a 20% yield ), ''Domat'', ''Erkence'' (25% yield and good pollinator with 3,000,000 trees), ''Gemlik'' (29% yield and a good pollinator), ''Izmir Sofralik'' (20% yield), ''Memecik'', ''Memeli'' (20% yield and a good pollinator), and ''Uslu'' (900 000 trees).International Olive Council
: ''Policies- Turkey'' (2012, pp. 5-8)- Retrieved 2018-07-09
Notable people
*
Photis Kontoglou
Photis Kontoglou (, the pen name of Φώτης Αποστολέλης (Photis Apostolelis); Aivali, 8 November 1895 – Athens, 13 July 1965) was a Greek writer, painter and icon painter.
Life
He was raised by his mother, Despoina Kontoglou, a ...
, Greek writer, painter and iconographer
*
Elias Venezis
Elias Venezis ( el, Ηλίας Βενέζης) (March 4, 1904 - August 3, 1973) is the pseudonym of Elias Mellos (), a major Greek novelist. He was born in 1904 in Ayvalık (Kydonies) in Asia Minor and died in Athens in 1973. He wrote many boo ...
, Greek author
*
Gregory (Orologas) of Kydonies,
Metropolitan
Metropolitan may refer to:
* Metropolitan area, a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories
* Metropolitan borough, a form of local government district in England
* Metropolitan county, a typ ...
of Kydonies, ''
ethnomartyr'', who arranged for majority of Greek population to leave for Greece via the
International Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC; french: Comité international de la Croix-Rouge) is a humanitarian organization which is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and it is also a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. State parties (signato ...
, but was himself executed by Turkish authorities
*
Stratos Pagioumtzis
Stratos Pagioumtzis ( el, Στράτος Παγιουμτζής 1904 – 16 November 1971) was a Greek ''rebetiko'' singer, also known with the nickname ''Stratos the sluggard (Στράτος ο τεμπέλης)'' or simply ''Stratos''.
Biograp ...
, Greek
rebetiko singer
*Konstantinos Tombras, operator of first
printing press in the town and first press in
Greece
*
Georgios Tombras, Greek soldier of
Macedonian Struggle
The Macedonian Struggle ( bg, Македонска борба; el, Μακεδονικός Αγώνας; mk, Борба за Македонија; sr, Борба за Македонију; tr, Makedonya Mücadelesi) was a series of social, po ...
and
First Balkan War
*Marco Misciagna,
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional It ...
virtuoso violist, was the first and only person to have received honorary citizenship of town of Ayvalık.
*
Efstratios Pissas, Greek revolutionary of
Greek War of Independence and later
lieutenant general.
See also
*
Ayvalık Islands
Ayvalık () is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey. It is a district of Balıkesir province. The town centre is connected to Cunda Island by a causeway and is surrounded by the archipelago of Ayvalık Islands, which face ...
*
Cunda Island
__NOTOC__
Cunda Island, also called Alibey Island, ( tr, Cunda Adası, Alibey Adası), Greek Moschonisi ( gr, Μοσχονήσι or Μοσχόνησος), is the largest of the Ayvalık Islands archipelago in Turkey, which was historically ...
*
Marinas in Turkey
*
Ayvalık Strait Bridge
*
Sarimsakli
Notes
External links
AYKUSAD, Ayvalık Association of Culture and Arts(Turkish)
Pictures of AyvalıkPictures of Ayvalık and Alibey Island(Turkish)
Cunda IslandPanoramic pictures of Cunda Island(Turkish)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayvalik
Populated coastal places in Turkey
Seaside resorts in Turkey
Aegean Sea port cities and towns in Turkey
Populated places in Balıkesir Province
Districts of Balıkesir Province
Former Greek towns in Turkey
World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey
Important Bird Areas of Turkey