''Avena sterilis'' (animated oat, sterile oat, wild oat, wild red oat, winter wild oat; syn. ''Avena ludoviciana'' Durieu; ''Avena sterilis'' ssp. ''ludoviciana'' (Durieu) Gillet & Magne in ''Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S.'') is a species of

grass Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns a ...

weed whose seeds are edible.

Distribution

''Avena sterilis'' is native to the Mediterranean Basin and

West West or Occident is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east and is the direction in which the Sun sets on the Earth. Etymology The word "west" is a Germanic word passed into some ...

, Central and South Asia, but is widely naturalized elsewhere.

As a weed

Herbicide resistance

''Avena sterilis'' ssp. ''ludoviciana'' with multiple herbicide resistance - at 2 SOAs - was first observed in

Kermanshah Kermanshah ( fa, کرمانشاه, Kermânšâh ), also known as Kermashan (; romanized: Kirmaşan), is the capital of Kermanshah Province, located from Tehran in the western part of Iran. According to the 2016 census, its population is 946,68 ...

, Khuzestan,

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

, in

winter wheat Winter wheat (usually '' Triticum aestivum'') are strains of wheat that are planted in the autumn to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring. Classificatio ...

cultivation in 2010. These populations are known to be resistant to clodinafop-propargyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, and mesosulfuron-methyl. Resistance in ''Asl'' (and

Avena fatua ''Avena'' is a genus of Eurasian and African plants in the grass family. Collectively known as the oats, they include some species which have been cultivated for thousands of years as a food source for humans and livestock. They are widesprea ...

) to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl has evolved in several

field Field may refer to: Expanses of open ground * Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes * Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport * Battlefield * Lawn, an area of mowed grass * Meadow, a grass ...

s in

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

. Although these ''Asl'' and ''A. fatua'' are also hybridising, it remains unproven if this is why they both have resistance, or in which direction this has occurred. ''A. sterilis'' populations in

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

are almost all resistant to

diclofop Phenoxy herbicides (or "phenoxies") are two families of chemicals that have been developed as commercially important herbicides, widely used in agriculture. They share the part structure of phenoxyacetic acid. Auxins The first group to be discover ...

but susceptible to most other herbicides, including others of the same

MOA Moa are extinct giant flightless birds native to New Zealand. The term has also come to be used for chicken in many Polynesian cultures and is found in the names of many chicken recipes, such as Kale moa and Moa Samoa. Moa or MOA may also refe ...

(i.e., AACase inhibitors). However, most Greek populations do have diclofop resistance and ''some'' other resistance to at least ''one'' other herbicide.

References

External links

Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S.: ''Avena sterilis''Plants For A Future: ''Avena sterilis''ScienceDirect: Avena sterilis
sterilis Flora of Lebanon Flora of Malta {{Pooideae-stub