An aurone is a

heterocyclic A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and ...

chemical compound A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element ...

which is a type of flavonoid. There are two isomers of the molecule, with (''E'')- and (''Z'')-configurations. The molecule contains a

benzofuran Benzofuran is the heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. This colourless liquid is a component of coal tar. Benzofuran is the "parent" of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is ...

element associated with a

benzylidene Benzylidene compounds are, formally speaking, derivatives of benzylidene, although few are prepared from the carbene. Benzylidene acetal is a protecting group in synthetic organic chemistry of the form PhCH(OR)2. For example, 4,6-O-benzylidene- ...

linked in position 2. In aurone, a chalcone-like group is closed into a 5-membered ring instead of the 6-membered ring more typical of flavonoids.

Aurone derivatives

Aurone forms the core for a family of derivatives which are known collectively as aurones. Aurones are plant flavonoids that provide yellow color to the flowers of some popular ornamental plants, such as

snapdragon ''Antirrhinum'' is a genus of plants commonly known as dragon flowers, snapdragons and dog flower because of the flowers' fancied resemblance to the face of a dragon that opens and closes its mouth when laterally squeezed. They are native to r ...

and

cosmos The cosmos (, ) is another name for the Universe. Using the word ''cosmos'' implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity. The cosmos, and understandings of the reasons for its existence and significance, are studied in ...

. Aurones including 4'-chloro-2-hydroxyaurone (C₁₅H₁₁O₃Cl) and 4'-chloroaurone (C₁₅H₉O₂Cl) can also be found in the

brown alga Brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate an ...

Spatoglossum variabile ''Spatoglossum'' is a marine brown algal genus in the family Dictyotaceae, with a worldwide distribution For a description, see ''Spatoglossum'' Kützing, 1843. Some accepted species According to Algaebase: *'' Spatoglossum asperum'' J.Agardh ...

''. Most aurones are in a (''Z'')-configuration, which is the more stable configuration according to

Austin Model 1 Austin Model 1, or AM1, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry. It is based on the Neglect of Differential Diatomic Overlap integral approximation. Specifically, it is a ...

computation, but there are also some in the (''E'')-configurations such as (E)-3'-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-4,5,6,4'-tetrahydroxy-7,2'-dimethoxyaurone, found in '' Gomphrena agrestis''.

Biosynthesis

Aurones are

biosynthesized Biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme- catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules ...

starting from coumaryl-CoA.

Aureusidin synthase Aureusidin synthase (, ''AmAS1'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside:oxygen oxidoreductase''. Aureusidin synthase has two main enzymatic tasks: hydroxylation at the 3-position on the B-ring ...

catalyzes the creation of aurones from chalcones through hydroxylation and oxidative cyclization.

Applications

Some aurone derivatives possess antifungal properties and analogy with flavonoids suggests that aurones could have other biological properties.

Related compound examples

Aureusidin Aureusidin is an aurone, a type of flavonoid. Metabolism Aureusidin synthase Aureusidin synthase (, ''AmAS1'') is an enzyme with systematic name ''2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside:oxygen oxidoreductase''. Aureusidin synth ...

* Hispidol (6,4'-dihydroxyaurone)Hispidol on metabolomics.jp
/ref> *

Leptosidin Leptosidin was the first aurone to be isolated in ''Coreopsis grandiflora ''Coreopsis grandiflora'' is a North American species of perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. The common name is large-flowered tickseed. It is found in eastern Can ...

* Sulfuretin (6,3',4'-trihydroxyaurone) * 4,5,6-Trihydroxyaurone

References

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