( bn, অতীশ দীপংকর শ্রীজ্ঞান, ôtiś dīpôṅkôr śrigyen; 982–1054) was a Buddhist religious leader and master.
He is generally associated with his work carried out at the
Vikramashila
Vikramashila (Sanskrit: विक्रमशिला, IAST: , Bengali:- বিক্রমশিলা, Romanisation:- Bikrômôśilā ) was one of the three most important Buddhist monasteries in India during the Pala Empire, along with ...
monastery in
Bihar
Bihar (; ) is a state in eastern India. It is the 2nd largest state by population in 2019, 12th largest by area of , and 14th largest by GDP in 2021. Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Ben ...
.
He was one of the major figures in the spread of 11th-century
Mahayana and
Vajrayana Buddhism in Asia and inspired Buddhist thought from
Tibet to
Sumatra. He is recognised as one of the greatest figures of medieval Buddhism. Atiśa's chief disciple,
Dromtön
Dromtön, Drom Tonpa or Dromtönpa Gyelwé Jungné (, 1004 or 1005–1064) was the chief disciple of the Buddhist master Atiśa, the initiator of the Kadam school of Tibetan Buddhism and the founder of Reting Monastery.
Early life and educatio ...
, was the founder of the
Kadam school, one of the
New Translation schools of
Tibetan Buddhism, later supplanted by the
Gelug
240px, The 14th Dalai Lama (center), the most influential figure of the contemporary Gelug tradition, at the 2003 Bodhgaya (India).
The Gelug (, also Geluk; "virtuous")Kay, David N. (2007). ''Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantati ...
tradition in the 14th century which adopted its teachings and absorbed its monasteries.
In 2004, Atiśa was ranked 18th in the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
's poll of the
greatest Bengalis of all time.
Early life
Palace life
Bikrampur
Bikrampur ("City of Courage") was a pargana situated south of Dhaka, the modern capital city of Bangladesh. In the present day, it is known as Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. It is a historic region in Bengal and was a part of the Bhawal Es ...
, the most probable place for Atiśa's birthplace, was the capital of the
Pala Empire as it was of the ancient kingdoms of southeast Bengal. Though the city's exact location is not certain, it presently lies in the
Munshiganj District
Munshiganj ( bn, মুন্সীগঞ্জ), also historically known as Bikrampur, is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division and borders Dhaka District.
Geography
Total land area is 235974 acres (954 km2) ...
of Bangladesh, and continues to be celebrated as an early center of Buddhist cultural, academic, and political life. Similar to
Gautama Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...
, Atiśa was born into royalty. His father was a king known as
Kalyanachandra
Kalyanachandra (reigned c. 975 – 1000) was the third ruler of the Chandra dynasty in eastern Bengal. His campaign against the Kamboja dynasty of northern Bengal allowed the resurgent Pala Emperor Mahipala I to reclaim much of the Pala Empire. H ...
and his mother was Shri Prabhavati. Raja
Srichandra
Srichandra (reigned c. 930–975) was the second and most influential ruler of the Chandra Dynasty in eastern Bengal.
Life
After Traillokyachandra, Srichandra ascended the throne, taking the titles "Paramsaugata", "Parameshwar", "Parambhattārak" ...
of Chandra Dynasty was his grandfather.
One of three royal brothers, Atiśa went by the name of Candragarbha during the first part of his life. In fact, it was not until he traveled to
Guge and encountered King Jangchup Ö (, 984–1078) that he was given the name Atiśa.
Studies
According to Tibetan sources, Atiśa was ordained into the
Mahāsāṃghika
The Mahāsāṃghika ( Brahmi: 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀲𑀸𑀁𑀖𑀺𑀓, "of the Great Sangha", ) was one of the early Buddhist schools. Interest in the origins of the Mahāsāṃghika school lies in the fact that their Vinaya recension appears in ...
lineage at the age of twenty-eight by the Abbot Śīlarakṣita and studied almost all Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools of his time, including teachings from
Vaishnavism,
Shaivism, Tantric Hinduism and other practices. He also studied the sixty-four kinds of art, the art of music and the art of logic and accomplished these studies until the age of twenty-two. Among the many Buddhist lineages he studied, practiced and transmitted the three main lineages were the ''Lineage of the Profound Action'' transmitted by
Asaṅga
Asaṅga (, ; Romaji: ''Mujaku'') (fl. 4th century C.E.) was "one of the most important spiritual figures" of Mahayana Buddhism and the "founder of the Yogachara school".Engle, Artemus (translator), Asanga, ''The Bodhisattva Path to Unsurpassed ...
and
Vasubandhu
Vasubandhu (; Tibetan: དབྱིག་གཉེན་ ; fl. 4th to 5th century CE) was an influential Buddhist monk and scholar from ''Puruṣapura'' in ancient India, modern day Peshawar, Pakistan. He was a philosopher who wrote commentary ...
, the ''Lineage of Profound View'' transmitted by
Nagarjuna
Nāgārjuna . 150 – c. 250 CE (disputed)was an Indian Mahāyāna Buddhist thinker, scholar-saint and philosopher. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of ...
and
Candrakīrti
Chandrakirti (; ; , meaning "glory of the moon" in Sanskrit) or "Chandra" was a Buddhist scholar of the madhyamaka school and a noted commentator on the works of Nagarjuna () and those of his main disciple, Aryadeva. He wrote two influential w ...
, and the ''Lineage of Profound Experience'' transmitted by
Tilopa
Tilopa ( Prakrit; Sanskrit: Talika or Tilopadā; 988–1069) was an Indian Buddhist monk in the tantric Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.
He lived along the Ganges River, with wild ladies as a tantric practitioner and mahasiddha. He practi ...
and
Naropa. It is said that Atiśa had more than 150 teachers, but one key one was
Dharmakīrtiśrī
Dharmakīrtiśrī (Tibetan: ''Serlingpa''; ; , literally "from ''Suvarnadvīpa''"), also known as ''Kulānta'' and ''Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti'', was a renowned 10th century Buddhist teacher remembered as a key teacher of Atiśa. His name refe ...
.
Another notable teacher of his during his time at Vikramashila was
Ratnākaraśānti
Ratnākaraśānti (also known as Śāntipa) (c. 10th-century CE) was one of the eighty-four Buddhist Mahāsiddhas and a monk at the monastic university of Vikramashila in what is now modern-day Bihar in India. At Vikramashila he was instructed by ...
.
Teachings in Sumatra and Tibet
Tibetan sources assert that Atiśa spent 12 years in
Sumatra of the
Srivijaya
Srivijaya ( id, Sriwijaya) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th t ...
empire and he returned to India in 1025 CE which was also the same year when
Rajendra Chola I
Rajendra Chola I (; Middle Tamil: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Rājēndradēva Cōla; Old Malay: ''Raja Suran''; c. 971 CE – 1044 CE), often referred to as Rajendra the Great, and also known as Gangaikonda Chola (Middle Tamil ...
of the
Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE d ...
invaded Sumatra.
Atiśa returned to India. Once back, the increasingly knowledgeable monk received much attention for his teachings and skills in debate and philosophy. On three separate occasions, the monk Atiśa was acclaimed for defeating non-Buddhist extremists in debate. When he came into contact with what he perceived to be a misled or deteriorating form of Buddhism he would quickly and effectively implement reforms. Soon enough he was appointed to the position of steward, or abbot, at
Vikramashila
Vikramashila (Sanskrit: विक्रमशिला, IAST: , Bengali:- বিক্রমশিলা, Romanisation:- Bikrômôśilā ) was one of the three most important Buddhist monasteries in India during the Pala Empire, along with ...
which was established by
Emperor Dharmapala. He is also said to have "nourished"
Odantapuri
Odantapuri (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a prominent Buddhist Mahavihara in what is now Bihar Sharif in Bihar, India. It is believed to have been established by the Pala ruler Gopala I in the 8th century. It is considered the sec ...
.
Atiśa's return from
Suvarnabhumi
( sa, सुवर्णभूमि; Pali: '); my, သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ, ; km, សុវណ្ណភូមិ, ''Sovannaphoum''; and th, สุวรรณภูมิ, . is a toponym, that appears in many ancient Indian literary s ...
, where he had been studying with Dharmakīrtiśrī, and his rise to prominence in India coincided with a flourishing of Buddhist culture and the practice of Buddhism in the region, and in many ways Atiśa's influence contributed to these developments. According to traditional narratives, King
Langdarma
Darma Udumtsen (), better known by his nickname Langdarma (, "Mature Bull" or "Dharma the Bull") was most likely the last Tibetan Emperor who most likely reigned from 838 to 841 CE. Early sources call him Tri Darma "King Dharma". His domain e ...
had suppressed Buddhism's teachings and persecuted its followers for over seventy years. According to the ''
Blue Annals
The ''Blue Annals'' (), completed in 1476, written by Gö Lotsawa Zhönnu-pel (, 1392–1481), is a Tibetan historical survey with a marked ecumenical (Rimé movement) view, focusing on the dissemination of various sectarian spiritual traditions t ...
'', a new king of
Guge by the name of
Yeshe-Ö
Yeshe-Ö ( 959–1040) (spiritual names: Jangchub Yeshe-Ö, Byang Chub Ye shes' Od, Lha Bla Ma, Hla Lama Yeshe O, Lalama Yixiwo, also Dharmaraja ('Noble King') was the first notable lama-king in Tibet. Born as Khor-re, he is better known as Lh ...
sent his academic followers to learn and translate some of the Sanskrit Buddhist texts. Among these academics was Naktso, who was eventually sent to
Vikramashila
Vikramashila (Sanskrit: विक्रमशिला, IAST: , Bengali:- বিক্রমশিলা, Romanisation:- Bikrômôśilā ) was one of the three most important Buddhist monasteries in India during the Pala Empire, along with ...
to study Sanskrit and plead with Atiśa to come teach the Dharma in his homeland.
Travelling with Naktso and Gya Lōtsawa, Atiśa journeyed through Nepal on his way to Tolung, the capital of the Purang Kingdom. (Gya Lōtsawa died before reaching Tolung.) On his way, he is said to have met Marpa Lōtsawa. He spent three years in Tolung and compiled his teachings into his most influential scholarly work, ''
Bodhipathapradīpa ''Bodhipathapradīpa'' (''A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'') is a Buddhist text composed in Sanskrit by the 11th-century teacher Atiśa and widely considered his magnum opus
A masterpiece, ''magnum opus'' (), or ''chef-d’œuvre'' (; ; ) ...
'', or ''Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment''. The short text, in sixty-seven verses, lays out the entire Buddhist path in terms of the three vehicles: Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna, and became the model for subsequent texts in the genre of ''Lamrim (lam rim)'', or the ''Stages of the Path,'' and was specifically the basis for
Tsongkhapa
Tsongkhapa ('','' meaning: "the man from Tsongkha" or "the Man from Onion Valley", c. 1357–1419) was an influential Tibetan Buddhist monk, philosopher and tantric yogi, whose activities led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Bu ...
's Lamrim writings. Here Atiśa met
Dromtön
Dromtön, Drom Tonpa or Dromtönpa Gyelwé Jungné (, 1004 or 1005–1064) was the chief disciple of the Buddhist master Atiśa, the initiator of the Kadam school of Tibetan Buddhism and the founder of Reting Monastery.
Early life and educatio ...
, or Dromtonpa, who would become his primary disciple, regarded as both an enforcer of later propagation ethical standards and a holder of Atiśa's tantric lineage.
According to
Jamgon Kongtrul
Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé (, 1813–1899), also known as Jamgön Kongtrül the Great, was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar, poet, artist, physician, tertön and polymath.Jackson, Roger R. The Tibetan Leonardo, 2012, https://www.lionsroar.com/th ...
, when Atiśa discovered the store of Sanskrit texts at Pekar Kordzoling, the library of
Samye, "he said that the degree to which the Vajrayana had spread in Tibet was unparalleled, even in India. After saying this, he reverently folded his hands and praised the great dharma kings, translators, and panditas of the previous centuries."
Writings
His books include:
:*''
Bodhipathapradīpa ''Bodhipathapradīpa'' (''A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'') is a Buddhist text composed in Sanskrit by the 11th-century teacher Atiśa and widely considered his magnum opus
A masterpiece, ''magnum opus'' (), or ''chef-d’œuvre'' (; ; ) ...
'' ()
:*Bodhipathapradipapanjikanama (his own commentary of )
:*''Charyasamgrahapradipa'' contains some
kirtan verses composed by Atiśa.
:*''Satyadvayavatara''
:*''Bodhisattvamanyavali''
:*''Madhyamakaratnapradipa''
:*''Mahayanapathasadhanasangraha''
:*''Shiksasamuccaya Abhisamya''
:*''Prajnaparamitapindarthapradipa''
:*''Ekavirasadhana''
:*''Vimalaratnalekha'', a Sanskrit letter to Nayapala, king of
Magadha.
See also
*
Nyethang Drolma Temple
*
Bikrampur Vihara
Bikrampur Vihara is an ancient Buddhist vihara at Raghurampur village, Bikrampur, Munshiganj District in Bangladesh.
Location
The monastery is located at Raghurampur village under Rampal Union of Sadar Upazila of Munshiganj District .
Hist ...
References
Bibliography
*
* Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, ''Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury'', Snow Lion Publications
* Geshe Sonam Rinchen, ''Atiśa's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment'', Snow Lion Publications
*
*
*
External links
*
*
Bibliography of Atisha's works, Item 596 Karl Potter, University of Washington
Advice from Atiśa's HeartAtiśa Dipamkaraon Banglapedia
English Translation of Lamp to the Path of Enlightenment(by Dr. Alexander Berzin)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atisa
982 births
1054 deaths
Indian scholars of Buddhism
Monks of Vikramashila
Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers
Buddhism in Bangladesh
Madhyamaka scholars
Kadampa lamas
People from Bikrampur
Indian Buddhist monks
10th-century Bengalis
11th-century Bengalis
History of Tibetan Buddhism
Founders of Buddhist sects
History of Tibet