The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid; ,
pl. ; ; ) was a
Turkoman dynasty originated from tribe that ruled in eastern
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
, Northern
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
and Northern
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder,
Artuk Bey, who was of the Döger branch of the
Oghuz Turks and ruled one of the Turkmen
beyliks
Anatolian beyliks ( tr, Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: ''Tavâif-i mülûk'', ''Beylik'' ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A secon ...
of the
Seljuk Empire
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to ...
. Artuk's sons and descendants ruled the three branches in the region:
Sökmen's descendants ruled the region around
Hasankeyf between 1102 and 1231;
Ilghazi's branch ruled from
Mardin
Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...
and
Mayyafariqin between 1106 and 1186 (until 1409 as vassals) and
Aleppo
)), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black".
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from 1117–1128; and the
Harput line starting in 1112 under the Sökmen branch, and was independent between 1185 and 1233.
History
The dynasty was founded by
Artuk, son of Eksük, a general originally under
Malik-Shah I
Jalāl al-Dawla Mu'izz al-Dunyā Wa'l-Din Abu'l-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslān (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, full name: fa, ), better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I ( fa, ), was the third sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire from 1072 t ...
and then under the
Seljuk emir of Damascus,
Tutush I. Tutush appointed Artuk governor of
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
in 1086. Artuk died in 1091, and was succeeded by his sons
Sökmen and
Ilghazi who were expelled from Jerusalem by the
Fatimid vizier
al-Afdal Shahanshah
Al-Afdal Shahanshah ( ar, الأفضل شاهنشاه, al-Afḍal Shāhanshāh; la, Lavendalius/Elafdalio; 1066 – 11 December 1121), born Abu al-Qasim Shahanshah bin Badr al-Jamali was a vizier of the Fatimid caliphs of Egypt. According to a ...
in 1098; the Fatimids lost the city to the
Crusaders the following year after the
siege of Jerusalem of 1099.
Sökmen and Ilghazi established themselves in
Diyarbakır
Diyarbakır (; ; ; ) is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey. It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province.
Situated around a high plateau by the banks of the Tigris river on which stands the historic Diyarbakır Fortres ...
,
Mardin
Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...
, and
Hasankeyf in
al-Jazira
Jazira or Al-Jazira ( 'island'), or variants, may refer to:
Business
* Jazeera Airways, an airlines company based in Kuwait
Locations
* Al-Jazira, a traditional region known today as Upper Mesopotamia or the smaller region of Cizre
* Al-Jazira ...
where they came into conflict with the
Seljuk sultanate
The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to ...
. Sökmen,
bey of Mardin, defeated the Crusaders at the
Battle of Harran in 1104. Ilghazi succeeded Sökmen in Mardin and imposed his control over
Aleppo
)), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black".
, motto =
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at the request of the ''qadi''
Ibn al-Khashshab in 1118. The next year,
Ilghazi defeated the Crusader state
Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria. The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It exte ...
at the
Battle of Ager Sanguinis
In the Battle of ''Ager Sanguinis'', also known as the Battle of the Field of Blood, the Battle of Sarmada, or the Battle of Balat, Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin ...
of 1119.
After pillaging the
County of Edessa, Ilghazi made peace with the crusaders. In 1121, he went north towards
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''O ...
with his son-in-law
Mazyad Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of
Ganja
Ganja (, ; ) is one of the oldest and most commonly used synonyms for marijuana. Its usage in English dates to before 1689.
Etymology
''Ganja'' is borrowed from Hindi/Urdu ( hi, गांजा, links=no, ur, , links=no, IPA: �aːɲd͡ ...
. Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated by
David IV of Georgia at the
Battle of Didgori of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephew
Belek Ghazi nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered by
Assassins
An assassin is a person who commits targeted murder.
Assassin may also refer to:
Origin of term
* Someone belonging to the medieval Persian Ismaili order of Assassins
Animals and insects
* Assassin bugs, a genus in the family ''Reduviid ...
in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control of
Zengi,
atabeg of Mosul, in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's son
Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd, bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his son
Kara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied with
Joscelin II of Edessa against the
Zengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recaptured
Edessa
Edessa (; grc, Ἔδεσσα, Édessa) was an ancient city (''polis'') in Upper Mesopotamia, founded during the Hellenistic period by King Seleucus I Nicator (), founder of the Seleucid Empire. It later became capital of the Kingdom of Osroe ...
, the first of the
Crusader states to fall (see
Siege of Edessa). Hasankeyf became a vassal of Zengi as well.
Kara Aslan's son
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad allied with the
Ayyubid
The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...
sultan
Saladin
Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadi () ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known by the epithet Saladin,, ; ku, سهلاحهدین, ; was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from an ethnic Kurdish family, he was the first of both Egypt an ...
against
Kilij Arslan II
Kilij Arslan II ( 1ca, قِلِج اَرسلان دوم) or ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslān ibn Masʿūd ( fa, عز الدین قلج ارسلان بن مسعود) ( Modern Turkish ''Kılıç Arslan'', meaning "Sword Lion") was a Seljuk Sultan of Rû ...
,
Seljuk sultan of Rûm, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In the peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals of
Mosul
Mosul ( ar, الموصل, al-Mawṣil, ku, مووسڵ, translit=Mûsil, Turkish: ''Musul'', syr, ܡܘܨܠ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. The city is considered the second larg ...
, which Saladin did not yet control. With Artuqid support, however, Saladin eventually took control of Mosul as well, transferring the rule from nominal Seljuk Empire to the
Ayyubid Sultanate by late 1180s. The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194.
The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined under Ayyubid rule. The Hasankeyf branch conquered Diyarbakır in 1198 and its center was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with the Seljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by the Sultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between the Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of the
Ayyubids,
Sultanate of Rûm
fa, سلجوقیان روم ()
, status =
, government_type = Hereditary monarchyTriarchy (1249–1254)Diarchy (1257–1262)
, year_start = 1077
, year_end = 1308
, p1 = B ...
,
Il-Khanate and the
Timurids. The
Kara Koyunlu captured Mardin and finally put an end to Artuqid rule in 1409.
List of rulers
The major branches of the Artuqid dynasty were those based in Hasankeyf, Harput, Mardin and Aleppo.
Hasankeyf branch
This branch was initially based at
Hasankeyf (Ḥiṣn Kaifā). The capital moved to
Diyarbakır
Diyarbakır (; ; ; ) is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey. It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province.
Situated around a high plateau by the banks of the Tigris river on which stands the historic Diyarbakır Fortres ...
(Amid) in 1183.
*
Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1102–1104
*
Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā, son of Sökmen, 1104–1109
*
Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd (Dāʾūd), son of Sökmen, 1109–1144
*
Kara Arslan Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan (or Kara Arslan) (r. 1144–1174 CE) was a member of the Artuqid dynasty and son of Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd, bey of Hasankeyf. Kara Arslan ruled Hasankeyf following Dāʾūd's death on 19 Muharram 539 (22 July 1144). He was ...
, son of Dāʾūd, 1144–1174)
*
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of Kara Arslan, 1174–1185
*
Sökmen II, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1185–1201
*
Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, son of Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1201–1222
*
Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, son of Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd, 1222–1232/33.
Following the rule of Rukn al-Dīn Mawdūd, the territories of the Hasankeyf branch of the Artuqids were taken over by the
Ayyubids.
Harput branch
The
Harput branch was initially part of the Hasankeyf branch until 1185, gaining independence from Kara Arslan.
* Imad ud-din Abu Bakr, son of
Kara Arslan Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan (or Kara Arslan) (r. 1144–1174 CE) was a member of the Artuqid dynasty and son of Rukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd, bey of Hasankeyf. Kara Arslan ruled Hasankeyf following Dāʾūd's death on 19 Muharram 539 (22 July 1144). He was ...
, 1185–1204
* Ibrahim ibn Abu Bakr, son of Abu Bakr, 1203–1223
* Ahmad Khidr, son of Ibrahim, 1223–1234
* Artuq Shah, son of Ahmad Khidr, 1234.
Harput was conquered by
Kayqubad I
Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād ibn Kaykhusraw ( fa, علاء الدين كيقباد بن كيخسرو; tr, I. Alâeddin Keykûbad, 1190–1237), also known as Kayqubad I, was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237. He expanded th ...
, Seljuk sultan of Rûm, in 1234, as part of his conquering of Anatolia.
Mardin branch
The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled in
Mardin
Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...
and
Mayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq.
*Yāqūti, son of Alp-Yaruq (son of
Artuk), 1101–1104
*'Ali ibn Yāqūti, son of Yāqūti, 1104
*
Sökmen, son of Artuk, 1104–1115
*
Ilghazi, son of Artuk, 1115–1122
*
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1122–1154
*
Alpï I, son of Timurtash, 1154–1176
*
Ilghazi II, son of Alpï I, 1176–1184
* Yülük Arslan, son of Ilghazi II, 1184–1203
* Artuk Arslan, son of Yülük Arslan, 1203–1239
* Al-Sa'id Najm al-Din Ghazi I, son of Yülük Arslan, 1239–1260
* Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, son of Ghazi I, 1260–1292
* Al-Sa'id Shams al-Din Dāwūd I, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1292–1294
* Al-Mansur Najm al-Din Ghazi II, son of al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, 1294–1312
* 'Ali Alpï II, son of Ghazi II, 1312
* As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (Mahmūd), son of Ghazi II, 1312–1364
* Al-Mansur Husam al-Din Ahmad, son of Mahmūd, 1364–1367
* As-Salih Shams al-Din Mahmūd (second rule), 1367
* Al-Muzaffar Fakhr al-Din Dāwūd II, son of Mahmūd, 1367–1376
* Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, son of Dāwūd II, 1376–1407
* Al-Salih Şhihab al-Din Ahmad, son of Al-Zahir Majd al-Din 'Isā, 1407–1409.
Mardin was conquered the
Kara Koyunlu, a Turkmen tribe, in 1409.
Aleppo subbranch
The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See also
Rulers of Aleppo
The rulers of Aleppo ruled as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC, starting with the kings of Armi, followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad. Muslim rule of the city end ...
.
*
Ilghazi, son of
Artuk, 1117–1121
* Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman, son of Abd al-Jabar (son of Artuk), 1121–1123
*
Belek Ghazi, son of Bahram ibn Artuk (son of Artuk), 1123–1124
*
Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, 1124–1125
[Öztuna, Yılmaz, "Devletler ve Hanedanlar" Cilt:2, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara (1996), s.43–44]
*
al-Bursuqi_and_various_others,_1125–1127.html" ;"title="Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi.html" ;"title="eljuks under
al-Bursuqi_and_various_others,_1125–1127">Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi.html"_;"title="eljuks_under_Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi">al-Bursuqi_and_various_others,_1125–1127*_Badr_ad-Dawlah_Süleiman_(second_rule),_1127–1128.
Aleppo_was_taken_by_Imad_al-Din_Zengi.html" ;"title="Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi">al-Bursuqi and various others, 1125–1127">Aqsunqur_al-Bursuqi.html" ;"title="eljuks under Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi">al-Bursuqi and various others, 1125–1127* Badr ad-Dawlah Süleiman (second rule), 1127–1128.
Aleppo was taken by Imad al-Din Zengi">Zengi in 1128 and ruled by the Zengid dynasty until 1183.
Art
Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and the art of metalworking.
The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in the
Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
They made the most significant additions to
Diyarbakır City Walls. Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers, Ulu Beden and
Yedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuqid ruler Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artuqid double-headed eagle on its walls.
A large
caravanserai in Mardin as well as the
civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewa ...
feat of
Malabadi Bridge are still in regular use in our day. The partially standing
Old Bridge, Hasankeyf, was built in 1116 by Kara Arslan.
The Great Mosques of
Mardin
Mardin ( ku, Mêrdîn; ar, ماردين; syr, ܡܪܕܝܢ, Merdīn; hy, Մարդին) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for the Artuqid architecture of its old city, and for its strategic location ...
and
Silvan were possibly but in any case considerably developed over the 12th century by several Artuqid rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of Dunaysir (now
Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe ( ku, Qoser, ota, Tell-Ermen, lit=Armenian hill ) is a town and district in Mardin Province of Turkey. As of 2021, the district had a population of 263,938, making it the most populous district in the province.
Government
In the ...
) was commissioned by Yülük Arslan (1184–1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203–1239).
Coinage
File:Arslan Yuluk fels 1184 1200.jpg, Husam al-Din Yuluq Arslan, bronze dirham
The dirham, dirhem or dirhm ( ar, درهم) is a silver unit of currency historically and currently used by several Arab world, Arab and Arabization, Arab influenced states. The term has also been used as a related unit of mass.
Unit of ...
, 596 AH (1199/1200 CE)
File:Arslan Kara fels 1144 1166.jpg, Fakhr al-Din Qara Arslan, bronze dirham, 559 AH (1163/64 CE)
File:Artuk Arslan Artuk fels 1200 1239.jpg, Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan, bronze dirham, 620 AH (1223/24 CE)
File:Dirham of Nasir al-Din Mahmud, AH 610.jpg, Nasir al-Din Mahmud, dirham, 619 AH (1213/14 CE)
See also
*
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
The following is a list of Sunni Muslim dynasties.
Asia
Middle East Arabian Peninsula
* Banu Wajih (926–965)
* Sharif of Mecca (967–1925)
* Al Uyuniyun (1076–1253)
* Sulaymanids (1063–1174)
* Mahdids (1159–1174)
*Kathiri (Hadhramau ...
*
Artuklu Palace
The Artuklu Palace or Artukid Palace or Artuqid Palace ( tr, Artuklu Sarayı) was the seat of the Diyarbakır branch of the Artuqid dynasty, a Turkish Beylik that ruled eastern Anatolia and Al-Jazira in the 12th and 13th centuries. The palace wa ...
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Artuqid Dynasty
Anatolian beyliks
History of Diyarbakır Province
History of Mardin Province
Muslims of the Crusades
States and territories established in 1102
Medieval Upper Mesopotamia
States and territories disestablished in the 1400s
12th-century establishments in the Seljuk Empire