Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

( Amazonas, Acre) and

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

(

Ucayali The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city o ...

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami,

Arawak The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater ...

, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá † * Kulina * Deni *

Jamamadi The Jamamadí, also called the Yamamadi, Kanamanti, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, and Kapinamari, are an indigenous people who live in Acre and Amazonas, Brazil. They speak the Jamamadi language, part of the Arawá language family. Their territory is bet ...

* Paumari * Suruwahá

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília. († = extinct) ;Arawa *'' Suruwaha'' *Madi-Deni-Paumari **'' Paumari'' **'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' **Madi-Arawa ***'' Arawa'' † ***Madi: '' Banawa''; ''

''; '' Jarawara''

Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010): ;Arawan *'' Arawa'' † *'' Paumari'' *'' Suruwahá'' *Madi-Madihá **Madi ***''Eastern

'' ***'' Banawá'' ***'' Jarawara'' **Madihá ***'' Kulina'' ***''Western Jamamadi'' ***'' Deni''

Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by

Mason Mason may refer to: Occupations * Mason, brick mason, or bricklayer, a craftsman who lays bricks to construct brickwork, or who lays any combination of stones, bricks, cinder blocks, or similar pieces * Stone mason, a craftsman in the stone-cut ...

(1950): *Arauá *Culino **Culina **Curia **Curiana **Culiña *Pama **Pama **Pamana *Yamamadí **Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo **Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí) **Yuberi *Madihá *Sewacu *Sipó

Other varieties

* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the

Piranha River A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, f ...

between the

Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...

and

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park a ...

. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan. Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the

. (Unattested) *Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the

Inauini River Inauini River ( pt, Rio Inauini) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil, a tributary of the Purus River. The Inauini River forms the boundary between the Mapiá-Inauini National Forest and the Purus National Forest The Purus Natio ...

, a tributary of the upper

. (Unattested) *Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Sepatini River in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested) *Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the Sepatini River. (Unattested) *Pamana - once spoken on the Ituxi River and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested) *Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested) *Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the Mamoriá River and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the Tapauá River, the same region. (Unattested) *Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested) * Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the

, along the Marari River and on the upper course of the Tapauá River; second, on the Eiru River and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil. *Madiha - spoken on the Eiru River near Bom Jardim, Amazonas. *Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the

Iaco River Iaco River is a river of Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, ...

, Acre. (Unattested)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :

Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 46: 1-83.

Flora

Fauna

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Other animals

Bibliography

* Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. ''Diachronica'', ''18'', 3-30. * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). ''The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''46'', 1–83. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. ;Lexicons *Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. *Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. *Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário. *Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations. *Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.

References

External links

Sub-tronco Arawán
{{authority control Language families Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Brazil Languages of Peru Macro-Arawakan languages