Guillaume Apollinaire) of the Wąż coat of arms. (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright,

short story writer A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest t ...

, novelist, and

art critic An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogue ...

of Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the early 20th century, as well as one of the most impassioned defenders of

Cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...

and a forefather of

Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...

. He is credited with coining the term "Cubism"Daniel Robbins, 1964, ''Albert Gleizes 1881 – 1953, A Retrospective Exhibition'', Published by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, in collaboration with Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Museum am Ostwall, Dortmund
/ref> in 1911 to describe the emerging

art movement An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defin ...

, the term Orphism in 1912, and the term "Surrealism" in 1917 to describe the works of Erik Satie. He wrote poems without punctuation attempting to be resolutely modern in both form and subject. Apollinaire wrote one of the earliest Surrealist literary works, the play ''

The Breasts of Tiresias ''The Breasts of Tiresias'' (french: Les mamelles de Tirésias) is a surrealist play by Guillaume Apollinaire. Written in 1903, the play received its first production in a revised version subtitled ''Drame surréaliste'' in 1917. With this subti ...

'' (1917), which became the basis for

Francis Poulenc Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; 7 January 189930 January 1963) was a French composer and pianist. His compositions include mélodie, songs, solo piano works, chamber music, choral pieces, operas, ballets, and orchestral concert music. Among th ...

's 1947 opera '' Les mamelles de Tirésias''. Influenced by Symbolist poetry in his youth, he was admired during his lifetime by the young poets who later formed the nucleus of the Surrealist group ( Breton,

Aragon Aragon ( , ; Spanish and an, Aragón ; ca, Aragó ) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. In northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces (from north to sou ...

, Soupault). He revealed very early on an originality that freed him from any school of influence and made him one of the precursors of the literary revolution of the first half of the 20th century. His art is not based on any theory, but on a simple principle: the act of creating must come from the imagination, from intuition, because it must be as close as possible to life, to nature, to the environment, and to the human being. Apollinaire was also active as a journalist and art critic for '' Le Matin'', '' L'Intransigeant'', ''L'Esprit nouveau'', ''

Mercure de France The was originally a French gazette and literary magazine first published in the 17th century, but after several incarnations has evolved as a publisher, and is now part of the Éditions Gallimard publishing group. The gazette was published ...

'', and ''Paris Journal''. In 1912 Apollinaire cofounded ''

Les Soirées de Paris ''Les Soirées de Paris'' was a French literary and artistic review founded in February 1912 by Guillaume Apollinaire and four of his associates - André Billy, René Dalize, André Salmon, and . It was last published in August 1914. «Les Soi ...

'', an artistic and literary magazine. Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and was recognized as "Fallen for France" ('' Mort pour la France'') because of his commitment during the war.Catherine Moore, Mark Moore, Guillaume Apollinaire official website, Biographie: Chronologie
Western Illinois University

Life

Family and early life

Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish. He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka, was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman born near Navahrudak, Grodno Governorate (former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, present-day Belarus). His maternal grandfather participated in the 1863 uprising against occupying Russia and had to emigrate when the uprising failed. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi von Aspermont was a nephew of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787–1874), a poet who wrote in ladin putèr (an official language dialect of Switzerland spoken in Engiadina ota), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born c. 1377, died 2 August 1445; see ''Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire'' at Généanet).

Paris

Apollinaire eventually moved from Rome to Paris in 1900 and became one of the most popular members of the artistic community of Paris (both in Montmartre and

Montparnasse Montparnasse () is an area in the south of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river Seine, centred at the crossroads of the Boulevard du Montparnasse and the Rue de Rennes, between the Rue de Rennes and boulevard Raspail. Montparnasse has be ...

). His friends and collaborators in that period included Pablo Picasso, Henri Rousseau, Gertrude Stein, Max Jacob,

André Salmon André Salmon (4 October 1881, Paris – 12 March 1969, Sanary-sur-Mer) was a French poet, art critic and writer. He was one of the early defenders of Cubism, with Guillaume Apollinaire and Maurice Raynal. Biography André Salmon was born in ...

André Breton André Robert Breton (; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, the co-founder, leader, and principal theorist of surrealism. His writings include the first ''Surrealist Manifesto'' (''Manifeste du surréalisme'') ...

André Derain André Derain (, ; 10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse. Biography Early years Derain was born in 1880 in Chatou, Yvelines, Île-de-France, just outside Paris. In ...

Faik Konitza Faik Bey Konica (later named ''Faïk Dominik Konitza'', 15 March 1875 – 15 December 1942) was an important figure in Albanian language and culture in the early decades of the twentieth century. Prewar Albanian minister to Washington, his liter ...

Blaise Cendrars Frédéric-Louis Sauser (1 September 1887 – 21 January 1961), better known as Blaise Cendrars, was a Swiss-born novelist and poet who became a naturalized French citizen in 1916. He was a writer of considerable influence in the European mod ...

Giuseppe Ungaretti Giuseppe Ungaretti (; 8 February 1888 – 2 June 1970) was an Italian modernist poet, journalist, essayist, critic, academic, and recipient of the inaugural 1970 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. A leading representative of the experim ...

, Pierre Reverdy,

Alexandra Exter Alexandra () is the feminine form of the given name Alexander (, ). Etymologically, the name is a compound of the Greek verb (; meaning 'to defend') and (; GEN , ; meaning 'man'). Thus it may be roughly translated as "defender of man" or "prot ...

Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (, , ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, filmmaker, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost creatives of the su ...

, Erik Satie,

Ossip Zadkine Ossip Zadkine (russian: Осип Цадкин; 28 January 1888 – 25 November 1967) was a Belarusian-born French artist. He is best known as a sculptor, but also produced paintings and lithographs. Early years and education Zadkine was born on ...

, Marc Chagall, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger. He became romantically involved with Marie Laurencin, who is often identified as his muse. While there, he dabbled in

anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessaril ...

and spoke out as a Dreyfusard in defense of Dreyfus's innocence.Claude Schumacher, ''Alfred Jarry and Guillaume Apollinaire''
Modern Dramatists, Macmillan International Higher Education, 1984, pp. 4, 14, 23, 148, 168, Metzinger painted the first Cubist portrait of Apollinaire. In his ''Vie anecdotique'' (16 October 1911), the poet proudly writes: "I am honoured to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants." It was not only the first Cubist portrait, according to Apollinaire, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public, prior to others by

Louis Marcoussis Louis Marcoussis, formerly Ludwik Kazimierz Wladyslaw Markus or Ludwig Casimir Ladislas Markus, (1878 or 1883, Łódź – October 22, 1941, Cusset) was a painter and engraver of Polish origin who lived in Paris for much of his life and became ...

Amedeo Modigliani Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (, ; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an Italian painter and sculptor who worked mainly in France. He is known for portraits and nudes in a modern style characterized by a surreal elongation of faces, necks, an ...

Mikhail Larionov Mikhail Fyodorovich Larionov (Russian: Михаи́л Фёдорович Ларио́нов; June 3, 1881 – May 10, 1964) was a Russian avant-garde painter who worked with radical exhibitors and pioneered the first approach to abstract Rus ...

and Picasso. In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the

Section d'Or The Section d'Or ("Golden Section"), also known as Groupe de Puteaux or Puteaux Group, was a collective of Painting, painters, sculptors, poets and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism (art), Orphism. Based in the Parisian suburbs, the grou ...

. The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire.La Section d'Or
Numéro spécial, 9 Octobre 1912.
, p. 5. On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting the theft of the '' Mona Lisa'' and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre, but released him a week later. The theft of the statues had been committed in 1907 by a former secretary of Apollinaire, Honoré Joseph Géry Pieret, who had recently returned one of the stolen statues to the French newspaper the ''Paris-Journal''. Apollinaire implicated his friend Picasso, who had bought Iberian statues from Pieret, and who was also brought in for questioning in the theft of the ''Mona Lisa'', but he was also exonerated.Richard Lacayo
"Art's Great Whodunit: The Mona Lisa Theft of 1911"
''Time'', 27 April 2009. The theft of the ''Mona Lisa'' was perpetrated by

Vincenzo Peruggia Vincenzo Peruggia (8 October 1881 8 October 1925) was an Italian museum worker, artist, and thief, most famous for stealing the ''Mona Lisa'' from the Louvre museum in Paris on 21 August 1911.

, an Italian house painter who acted alone and was only caught two years later when he tried to sell the painting in Florence.

Cubism

Apollinaire wrote the preface for the first Cubist exposition outside of Paris; ''VIII Salon des Indépendants'', Brussels, 1911. In an open-handed preface to the catalogue of the Brussels Indépendants show, Apollinaire stated that these 'new painters' accepted the name of Cubists which has been given to them. He described Cubism as a new manifestation and high art 'manifestation nouvelle et très élevée de l'art'' not a system that constrains talent 'non-point un système contraignant les talents'' and the differences which characterize not only the talents but even the styles of these artists are an obvious proof of this.Douglas Cooper, 1971
Douglas Cooper, ''The Cubist Epoch''
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y., 1970, p. 97 The artists involved with this new movement, according to Apollinaire, included Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger,

Albert Gleizes Albert Gleizes (; 8 December 1881 – 23 June 1953) was a French artist, theoretician, philosopher, a self-proclaimed founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on ...

Robert Delaunay Robert Delaunay (12 April 1885 – 25 October 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, co-founded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. His later works were more abstra ...

Fernand Léger Joseph Fernand Henri Léger (; February 4, 1881 – August 17, 1955) was a French painting, painter, sculpture, sculptor, and film director, filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism (known as "tubism") which he gradually ...

, and Henri Le Fauconnier.Daniel Robbins, 1985, ''Jean Metzinger in Retrospect, Jean Metzinger: At the Center of Cubism'', University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City, J. Paul Getty Trust, University of Washington Press, pp. 9–23 By 1912 others had joined the Cubists: Jacques Villon, Marcel Duchamp, Raymond Duchamp-Villon,

Francis Picabia Francis Picabia (: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22January 1879 – 30November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, poet and typographist. After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism ...

Juan Gris José Victoriano González-Pérez (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (; ), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic ge ...

, and

Roger de La Fresnaye Roger de La Fresnaye (; 11 July 1885 – 27 November 1925) was a French Cubist painter. Early years and education La Fresnaye was born in Le Mans where his father, an officer in the French army, was temporarily stationed. The La Fresnayes were ...

, among them.Guillaume Apollinaire, ''Les Peintres Cubistes'' (''The Cubist Painters'') published in 1913
Peter Read (Translator), University of California Press, 25 October 2004Herschel Browning Chipp, Peter Selz, ''Theories of Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics'', University of California Press, 1968, pp. 221–248

Orphism

The term Orphism was coined by Apollinaire at the Salon de la

in 1912, referring to the works of

and

František Kupka František Kupka (23 September 1871 – 24 June 1957), also known as ''Frank Kupka'' or ''François Kupka,'' was a Czech painter and graphic artist. He was a pioneer and co-founder of the early phases of the abstract art movement and Orphic C ...

. During his lecture at the Section d'Or exhibit Apollinaire presented three of Kupka's abstract works as perfect examples of ''pure painting'', as anti-figurative as music. In '' Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques'' (1913) Apollinaire described Orphism as "the art of painting new totalities with elements that the artist does not take from visual reality, but creates entirely by himself. ..An Orphic painter's works should convey an ''untroubled

aesthetic Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed th ...

pleasure'', but at the same time a ''meaningful structure and sublime significance''. According to Apollinaire Orphism represented a move towards a completely new art-form, much as music was to literature.Hajo Düchting
''Orphism''
MoMA, From Grove Art Online, 2009 Oxford University Press.

Surrealism

The term Surrealism was first used by Apollinaire concerning the ballet '' Parade'' in 1917. The poet

Arthur Rimbaud Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes and for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he star ...

wanted to be a visionary, to perceive the hidden side of things within the realm of another reality. In continuity with Rimbaud, Apollinaire went in search of a hidden and mysterious reality. The term "surrealism" appeared for the first time in March 1917 (Chronologie de Dada et du surréalisme, 1917) in a letter by Apollinaire to

Paul Dermée Paul Dermée (1886–1951) was a Belgian writer, poet, literary critique. Born Camille Janssen in Liège, Belgium in 1886, he died in Paris in 1951. He knew the painters Picasso, Juan Gris, Sonia and Robert Delaunay and the poets Valéry Larbaud ...

: "All things considered, I think in fact it is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism, which I first used" 'Tout bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé'' He described ''Parade'' as "a kind of surrealism" (''une sorte de surréalisme'') when he wrote the program note the following week, thus coining the word three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris.

World War I and death

Apollinaire served as an infantry officer in World War I and, in 1916, received a serious shrapnel wound to the temple, from which he would never fully recover. He wrote '' Les Mamelles de Tirésias'' while recovering from this wound. During this period he coined the word "

" in the programme notes for

's and Erik Satie's ballet '' Parade'', first performed on 18 May 1917. He also published an artistic manifesto, ''L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes''. Apollinaire's status as a literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the

Marquis de Sade Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (; 2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814), was a French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer famous for his literary depictions of a libertine sexuality as well as numerous accusatio ...

, whose works were for a long time obscure , yet arising in popularity as an influence upon the

Dada Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (Zurich), Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 192 ...

and Surrealist art movements going on in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century as, "The freest spirit that ever existed." The war-weakened Apollinaire died at the age of 38 on 9 November 1918 of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 ravaging Europe at the time, two years after being wounded in World War I. Due to his military service for the duration of the war, he was declared "Dead for France" (''Mort pour la France'') by the French government. He was interred in the

Père Lachaise Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery (french: Cimetière du Père-Lachaise ; formerly , "East Cemetery") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). With more than 3.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited necropolis in the world. Notable figur ...

, Paris.

Works

In 1900 he wrote his first novel ''Mirely, ou le petit trou pas cher'' (pornographic), which was eventually lost. Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was ''L'enchanteur pourrissant'' (1909), but '' Alcools'' (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the

Symbolist Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and real ...

s, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay '' Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques'' on the

Cubist Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...

painters, a movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term '' orphism'' to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of

and others. In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known

erotic novel Erotic literature comprises fictional and factual stories and accounts of eros (passionate, romantic or sexual relationships) intended to arouse similar feelings in readers. This contrasts erotica, which focuses more specifically on sexual feelin ...

, '' The Eleven Thousand Rods'' (''Les Onze Mille Verges''). Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was ''The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan)'', in which the 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt. Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions. The book was made into a movie in 1987. Shortly after his death, Mercure de France published ''

Calligrammes ''Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War 1913-1916'', is a collection of poems by Guillaume Apollinaire which was first published in 1918 (see 1918 in poetry). ''Calligrammes'' is noted for how the typeface and spatial arrangement of the words ...

'', a collection of his

concrete poetry Concrete poetry is an arrangement of linguistic elements in which the typographical effect is more important in conveying meaning than verbal significance. It is sometimes referred to as visual poetry, a term that has now developed a distinct me ...

(poetry in which typography and layout adds to the overall effect), and more orthodox, though still modernist poems informed by Apollinaire's experiences in the First World War and in which he often used the technique of automatic writing. In his youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium, mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived. File:Guillaume Apollinaire, Poème Calligramme.jpg, A Calligramme by Guillaume Apollinaire Image:La muse inspirant le poète.jpg, '' The Muse Inspiring the Poet'', portrait of Apollinaire and Marie Laurencin, by Henri Rousseau, 1909 Image:Père-Lachaise - Division 86 - tombe Apollinaire 01.jpg, Apollinaire's grave in Père Lachaise Cemetery File:ApollinaireLeidenWallPoems.jpg, Poem by Apollinaire on a wall in Leiden

Poetry

* ''L'enchanteur pourrissant'' (1909). ''The Enchanter Rotting'' * '' Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d'Orphée'' (1911) * '' Alcools'' (1913) * ''Vitam impendere amori'' (1917) * ''

, poèmes de la paix et de la guerre 1913–1916'' (1918) (published shortly after Apollinaire's death) * ''Il y a...'' (1925) Albert Messein * ''Julie ou la rose'' (1927) * ''Ombre de mon amour'' (1947). Poems addressed to Louise de Coligny-Châtillon * ''Poèmes secrets à Madeleine'' (1949). Pirated edition * ''Le Guetteur mélancolique'' (1952). Previously unpublished works * ''Poèmes à Lou'' (1955) * ''Soldes'' (1985). Previously unpublished works * ''Et moi aussi je suis peintre'' (2006). Album of drawings for ''Calligrammes'', from a private collection

Novels

* ''Mirely ou le Petit Trou pas cher'' (1900). ''Mirely, or The Cheap Little Hole'' (unpublished) * ''Que faire ?'' (1900). ''What to Do?'' * '' Les Onze Mille Verges ou les Amours d'un hospodar'' (1907). ''The Eleven Thousand Rods'' * ''Les Exploits d'un jeune Don Juan'' (1911). ''The Amorous Exploits of a Young Rakehell'', trans. Reaves Tessor (1959) * ''La Rome des Borgia'' (1914). ''The Rome of the Borgias'' * ''La Fin de Babylone'' (1914). ''The Fall of Babylon'' * ''Les Trois Don Juan'' (1915). ''The Three Don Juans'' * ''La Femme assise'' (1920). ''The Sitting Woman''

Short story collections

* ''L'Hérèsiarque et Cie'' (1910). ''The Heresiarch and Co.'', trans. Rémy Inglis Hall (1965) * ''Le Poète assassiné'' (1916). ''The Poet Assassinated'', trans.

Matthew Josephson Matthew Josephson (February 15, 1899 – March 13, 1978) was an American journalist and author of works on nineteenth-century French literature and American political and business history of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Josephson popu ...

(1923, title story); trans. Ron Padgett (1968, unabridged) * ''Les Épingles'' (1928). ''The Pins''

Plays

* '' Les Mamelles de Tirésias'' (1917). ''The Breasts of Tiresias'' * ''La Bréhatine'' (1917). Screenplay (collaboration with André Billy) * ''Couleurs du temps'' (1918) * ''Casanova'' (published 1952)

Articles

* ''Le Théâtre italien'', illustrated encyclopedia, 1910 * Preface, Catalogue of 8th ''Salon annuel du Cercle d'art Les Indépendants'', Musée moderne de Bruxelles, 10 June – 3 July 1911. * ''La Vie anecdotique'', Chroniques dans Le Mercure de France, 1911–1918 * ''Pages d'histoire, chronique des grands siècles de France'', chronicles, 1912 * '' Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques'', 1913 * ''La Peinture moderne'', 1913 * ''L'Antitradition futuriste, manifeste synthèse'', 1913 * ''Jean Metzinger à la Galerie Weill'', Chroniques d'art de Guillaume Apollinaire, ''L'Intransigeant'', Paris Journal, 27 May 1914 * ''Case d'Armons'', 1915 * ''L'esprit nouveau et les poètes'', 1918 * ''Le Flâneur des Deux Rives'', chronicles, 1918

Translations into English

* ''The Poet Assassinated'', trans.

(The Broom Publishing, 1923) * ''Selected Writings'', trans.

Roger Shattuck Roger Whitney Shattuck (August 20, 1923 in Manhattan, New York – December 8, 2005 in Lincoln, Vermont) was an American writer best known for his books on French literature, art, and music of the twentieth century. Background and education Born ...

(New Directions, 1948) *''Alcools: Poems 1898-1913'', trans. Walter Meredith (Doubleday, 1964) *''Alcools'', trans. Anne Hyde Greet (University of California Press, 1965) * ''Selected Poems'', trans. Oliver Bernard (Penguin, 1965; expanded, bilingual edition, Anvil Press, 1986) * ''The Heresiarch and Co.'', trans. Rémy Inglis Hall (1965), published in the UK as ''The Wandering Jew and Other Stories'' (1967) * ''The Poet Assassinated'', trans. Ron Padgett (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968) * ''Calligrams'', trans. Anne Hyde Greet (Unicorn Press, 1970) * ''Apollinaire on Art: Essays and Reviews, 1902-1918'', trans.

Susan Suleiman Susan Rubin Suleiman is a Hungarian-born American literary scholar. She is the C. Douglas Dillon Professor of the Civilization of France and Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard University. Biography Suleiman was born in Budapest and ...

(1972) * ''Zone'', trans. Samuel Beckett (Dolmen Press, 1972) * ''The Self-Dismembered Man: Selected Later Poems'', trans.

Donald Revell Donald Revell (born 1954 in Bronx, New York) is an American poet, essayist, translator and professor. Revell has won numerous honors and awards for his work, beginning with his first book, ''From the Abandoned Cities'', which was a National Poetr ...

(Wesleyan University Press, 2004) * ''Alcools: Poems'', trans. Donald Revell (Wesleyan University Press, 2011) * ''The Little Auto'', trans.

Beverley Bie Brahic Beverley Bie Brahic is a Canadian poet and translator who lives in Paris, France and the San Francisco Bay Area. Her poetry collection, ''White Sheets'', was a finalist for the Forward Prizand a Poetry Book Society Recommendation. Her translations ...

(CB editions, 2012) *"Zone", trans.

David Lehman David Lehman (born June 11, 1948David Lehman
at poets.org) is an American poet, non-fiction writer, and li ...

, in ''Virginia Quarterly Review'' (2013) * ''Zone: Selected Poems'', trans. Ron Padgett (New York Review Books, 2015) * ''Selected Poems'', trans. Martin Sorrell (Oxford University Press, 2015)

In popular culture

*Apollinaire is played by

Seth Gabel Seth Gabel (born October 3, 1981) is an American actor. He is known for his roles of agent Lincoln Lee on Fox's television series '' Fringe'', Cotton Mather on WGN America's series '' Salem'', and Adrian Moore on the FX series ''Nip/Tuck''. H ...

in the 2018 television series '' Genius'', which focuses on the life and work of Pablo Picasso. *Dutch composer

Marjo Tal Marjo Tal (15 January 1915 - 27 August 2006) was a Dutch composer and pianist who wrote the music for over 150 songs and often performed them while accompanying herself on the piano. Life and career Early life Tal was born in The Hague, the oldest ...

set some of Apollinaire’s poetry to music.

Notes

References and sources

;References ;Sources * ''Apollinaire'', Marcel Adéma, 1954 * ''Apollinaire, Poet among the Painters'',

Francis Steegmuller Francis Steegmuller (July 3, 1906 – October 20, 1994) was an American biographer, translator and fiction writer, who was known chiefly as a Flaubert scholar. Life and career Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Steegmuller graduated from Columbia Un ...

, 1963, 1971, 1973 * ''Apollinaire'', M. Davies, 1964 * ''Guillaume Apollinaire'', S. Bates, 1967 * ''Guillaume Apollinaire'', P. Adéma, 1968 * ''The Banquet Years'', Roger Shattuck, 1968 * ''Apollinaire'', R. Couffignal, 1975 * ''Guillaume Apollinaire'', L.C. Breuning, 1980 * ''Reading Apollinaire'', T. Mathews, 1987 * ''Guillaume Apollinaire'', J. Grimm, 1993

External links

* *
Reading Apollinaire’s ‘Vendémiaire’
'' Cordite Poetry Review'' 2014
"Official" site hosted by Western Illinois University
* Becker, Annette
Apollinaire, Guillaume
in

* ttp://www.ubu.com/sound/app.html Audio recordings of Apollinaire reading his poems "Le Pont Mirabeau", "Marie" and "Le Voyageur"
English verse translation of ''Le Pont Mirabeau''
* *

Guillaume Apollinaire Guillaume Apollinaire) of the Wąż coat of arms. (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent. Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of th ...

(poems in French and English) * ''Les onze mille verges'' an e-book (in French)
A digital rendition of Apollinaire's best known poem, "Il Pleut"
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