Antinoöpolis

Antinoöpolis (also Antinoopolis, Antinoë, Antinopolis; grc, Ἀντινόου πόλις; cop, ⲁⲛⲧⲓⲛⲱⲟⲩ ''Antinow''; ar, الشيخ عبادة, modern ''Sheikh 'Ibada'' or ''Sheik Abāda'') was a city founded at an older Egyptian village by the Roman emperor Hadrian to commemorate his deified young beloved, Antinoüs, on the east bank of the Nile, not far from the site in Upper Egypt where Antinoüs drowned in 130 AD. Antinoöpolis was a little to the south of the Egyptian village of Besa (), named after the god and oracle of Bes. Antinoöpolis was built at the foot of the hill upon which Besa was seated. The city is located nearly opposite of Hermopolis Magna, and was connected to Berenice Troglodytica by the Via Hadriana.

History

New Kingdom

During the New Kingdom, the city, ''Hir-we'', was the location of Ramesses II's great temple, dedicated to the gods of Khmun and Heliopolis.

Roman period

During the Roman Empire, the city of Antinoöpolis was erected in AD 130 by the emperor Hadrian on the site of Hir-we as the cult centre of the deified Antinoüs. All previous buildings, including a necropolis, were razed and replaced, with the exception of the Temple of Ramses II. Hadrian also had political motives for the creation of Antinoöpolis, which was to be the first Hellenic city in the Middle Nile region, thus serving as a bastion of Greek culture within the Egyptian area. To encourage Egyptians to integrate with this imported Greek culture, he permitted Greeks and Egyptians in the city to marry and allowed the main deity of Hir-we, Bes, to continue to be worshipped in Antinoöpolis alongside the new primary deity, Osiris-Antinoüs. He encouraged Greeks from elsewhere to settle in the new city, using various incentives to do so. The city was designed on a gridiron plan that was typical of Hellenic cities, and embellished with columns and many statues of Antinoüs, as well as a temple devoted to the deity.

The city of Antinoöpolis was the centre of the official cult of Antinoüs. The city exhibited the Graeco-Roman architecture of Hadrian's age in immediate contrast with the Egyptian style. Hadrian proclaimed that games would be held at the city in Spring 131 in commemoration of Antinoüs. Known as the ''Antinoeia'', they would be held annually for several centuries, being noted as the most important in Egypt. Events included athletic competitions, chariot and equestrian races, and artistic and musical festivals, with prizes including citizenship, money, tokens, and free lifetime maintenance. Divine honours were paid in the ''Antinoeion'' to Antinoüs as a local deity, and games and chariot-races were annually exhibited in commemoration of his death and of Hadrian's sorrow. (Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. .) According to the Greek '' Menaea'', it was at Antinoë that Saint Julian underwent martyrdom during the Persecutions of Diocletian. Numerous other Christian martyrs are known to have died here under the orders of the governor Arianus.

Byzantine period

Antinoöpolis continued to grow into the Byzantine era, being Christianized with the conversion of the Empire, but retaining an association with magic for centuries to come. As a cultural centre, it was the native city of the 4th-century mathematician Serenus of Antinoöpolis. Antinoöpolis in the 6th century was still a "most illustrious' city in a surviving divorce decree of 569 AD.

Medieval period

The city was abandoned around the 10th century. It continued to host a massive Graeco-Roman temple until the 19th century, when it was destroyed to feed a cement works. Over the centuries, stone from the Hadrianic city was removed for the construction of homes and mosques. By the 18th century, the ruins of Antinopolis were still visible, being recorded by such European travellers as Jesuit missionary Claude Sicard in 1715 and Edme-François Jomard the surveyor circa 1800. However, in the 19th century, Antinopolis was almost completely destroyed by local industrial production, as the chalk and limestone was burned for powder while stone was used in the construction of a nearby dam and sugar factory.
File:SheikhAbadaTempleRamses3.jpg, Ruins of the Temple of Ramses
File:SheikhAbadaTempleR3Cartouche.jpg, Cartouche from the Temple of Ramses
File:SheikhAbadaTempleR3Columns.jpg, Columns from the Temple of Ramses
File:SheikhAbadaTempleR3Censing.jpg, Carvings and hieroglyphs from the Temple of Ramses
File:Antinoé, ritratto di ragazzo, 190-210 ca..JPG, Funerary portrait of a boy, AD c. 190–230
File:Antinoé, ritratto d'uomo di colore, 190-230 dc ca..JPG, Funerary portrait of a man, AD c. 190–230
File:Portrait du Fayoum 03b.JPG, Encaustic funerary portrait of a woman
File:Woman, Antinoopolis, AD 250-300 (Houston, TX, Menil Collection).jpg, Funerary portrait of a woman. Probably from Antinoöpolis, c. 250–300 AD ( Menil Collection)

Structure and organization

The city of Antinoöpolis was governed by its own senate and ''prytaneus'' or president. The senate was chosen from the members of the wards (), of which we learn the name of one – – from inscriptions (Orelli, No. 4705); and its decrees, as well as those of the ''prytaneus'', were not, as usual, subject to the revision of the nomarch, but to that of the prefect () of the Thebaid. Antinoöpolis first belonged to the Heptanomis, but under Diocletian (286 AD) Antinoöpolis became the capital of the ''nome'' of the Thebaid.

Antinoë was the seat of a Christian bishop by the 4th century, originally a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Ptolemais in Thebaide, but it became a metropolitan see itself in the 5th century, having as suffragans Herrmopolis Parva, Cusae, Lycopolis, Hypselis, Apollonopolis Parva, Antaeopolis, Panopolis and Theodosiopolis. No longer a Latin residential bishopric, Antinoë is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Archaeological finds

The earliest finds at the site date to the New Kingdom, when Bes and Hathor were important deities. A grotto, once inhabited by Christian anchorites, probably marks the seat of the shrine and oracle, and Grecian tombs with inscriptions point to the necropolis of Antinoöpolis. The ruins of Antinoöpolis attest, by the area which they fill, the ancient grandeur of the city. The direction of the principal streets may still be traced. The streets were built on a grid plan with roads intersecting at right angles, like the majority of Roman cities at this time, and Jomard, a member of Napoleon's ''Commission d’Egypte'' found that the streets were divided into quarters and blocks, with each building being conveniently numbered.Bell, H. I. (1940)."Antinoopolis: A Hadrianic Foundation in Egypt." The Journal of Roman Studies, 133-47. One at least of them, which ran from north to south, had on either side of it a corridor supported by columns for the convenience of foot-passengers. The walls of the theatre near the southern gate, and those of the hippodrome without the walls to the east, are still extant. At the north-western extremity of the city was a portico, of which four columns remain, inscribed to Good Fortune, and bearing the date of the 14th and last year of the reign of Alexander Severus, 235 AD.

As far as can be ascertained from the space covered with mounds of masonry, Antinoöpolis was about a mile and a half in length, and nearly half a mile broad. The remains of the city, having a three and a half mile circumference, suggests Roman and Hellenistic foundations and was surrounded by a brick wall on three sides, leaving the fourth side open to the Nile. Near the Hippodrome are a well and tanks appertaining to an ancient road, which leads from the eastern gate to a valley behind the town, ascends the mountains, and, passing through the desert by the Wádee Tarfa, joins the roads to the quarries of the '' Mons Porphyrites''. At the beginning of the 19th century, when Napoleonic surveys were made, a theatre, many temples, a triumphal arch, two streets with double colonnades (illustrated in '' Description de l'Egypte''), a circus, and a hippodrome nearby, were still to be seen.
Description de l'Égypte''">
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). 1. Plan général des environs; 2. Vue des ruines de la ville, prise du côté du sud-ouest (NYPL b14212718-1268149).jpg, Ruin-field from the south-west & topography
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). Plan topographique des ruines et de l'enceinte de la ville (NYPL b14212718-1268148).jpg, Topographical map of the city
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). Vue du portique du Théatre (NYPL b14212718-1268150).jpg, Portico of the Roman theatre
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). Plan, élévation, coupes et détails de l'arc de triumphe (NYPL b14212718-1268153).jpg, Plan, elevation, and section of the triumphal arch
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). 1-20. Plans, élévations et détails de divers portiques; 21-24. Plan et détail d'un bâtiment de bains; 25-28. Colonnade de la rue principale (NYPL b14212718-1268156).jpg, Various porticoes, a bathhouse, and the main colonnaded street
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). 1-9. Élévation et détails de la colonne d'Alexandre Sévère; 10-15. Détails d'architecture de divers monumens; 16.17. Plan et coupe de l'hippodrome; 18. Plan d'une (NYPL b14212718-1268155).jpg, Column of Alexander Severus and the hippodrome
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). Plan, élévation, coupes et détails du portique du Théatre (NYPL b14212718-1268151).jpg, Plan and elevation of the portico of the Roman theatre
File:Antinoë (Antinoöpolis). 1.2. Vue et détails de la colonne d'Alexandre Sévère; 3.4. Fragment d'une statue d'Antinoüs (NYPL b14212718-1268154).jpg, Column of Alexander Severus and a statue of Antinoüs

Albert Gayet

Albert Gayet (1856–1916) was known as the "archaeologist of Antinoöpolis" and, without his extensive research and documentation of the site, very little would be known about this Greco-Roman city. Though there is much data of Antinoöpolis recorded from the Napoleonic ''Commission'', Gayet's report sheds a greater light on the ancient city. As Christianity began to spread through the Roman Empire, Antinoöpolis became a place of worship. Centuries after the city of Antinoüs was established by the Roman emperor, Christianity became the way of life. The city was home to many nuns and monks and Christian sanctuaries were built. Many came to venerate saints, such as Claudius and Colluthus, and monasteries were abundant. Gayet's findings confirm the wide spread of Christianity. Gayet's excavations have revealed mummies, grave goods, and thousands of fabrics at the site of Antinoöpolis. Gayet uncovered a large cemetery, the burial place of numerous Coptic Christians. Mummification was prohibited by law in the fourth century A.D., and so the remains of deceased Christians were dressed in tunics and swaddled with other textiles before being buried. Gayet's findings give researchers a better understanding of early Christian burial practices and his preservation of artistic textiles found at the site show the evolving Coptic style. The transformation of style was the canonical art of ancient Egypt infused with Classical and then Christian art."Textiles from Coptic Egypt."
(2003). Textiles from Coptic Egypt. Indian University Art Museum. Retrieved 10/24/2012

Antinoöpolis today

Today not much remains of the ancient city of Antinoöpolis. In its place is El Sheikh Ibada, a small mud village surrounded by the crumbled ruins of what was once a city of worship. There is not much left of the ancient city, as many buildings had their materials taken to build newer structures, such as sugar factories for El-Rodah, but visitors can still see the remains of the Roman Circus and ruins of a few temples.
Some excavations were undertaken by the University of Rome, 1965–68, with Sergio Donadoni. Papyri from the site were edited and translated by J. W. B. Barns and H. Zilliacus.

References

Bibliography

* Ptol. iv. 5. § 61; Paus. viii. 9; Dion Cass. lxix. 11; Amm. Marc. xix. 12, xxii. 16; Aur. Vict. Caesar, 14; Spartian. Hadrian. 14; Chron. Pasch. p. 254, Paris edit; It. Anton. p. 167; Hierocl. p. 730; , Steph. B. ''s. v.'', also Adrianopolis, Steph. B. )
Antinoe
- Catholic Encyclopedia article on the titular see
*
**
*"Antinoopolis." The Global Egyptian Museum. Retrieved 10/24/2012. .

*Smith, William. (1854). "Antinoopolis.
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. 141.
Retrieved 10/24/2012.

*Waters, Sarah. (1995). "The Most Famous Fairy in History": Antinous and Homosexual Fantasy." Journal of the History of Sexuality, 194-230.

* O'Connell, Elisabeth R. (2014) 'Catalogue of British Museum objects from The Egypt Exploration Fund’s 1913/14 excavation at Antinoupolis (Antinoë),' in Antinoupolis II: Scavi e materiali III, ed. R. Pintaudi, 467–504 (Florence: Istituto papirologico “G. Vitelli,”)

External links

{{Commonscat
The City Antinoöpolis:
The Antinoupolis Foundation, Inc.Antinoüs Homepage
(mainly in German)

Archaeological sites in Egypt
Roman sites in Egypt
Ruins in Egypt
122 establishments
120s establishments in the Roman Empire
2nd-century establishments in Egypt
Populated places established in the 2nd century
Former populated places in Egypt
Cities in ancient Egypt
Roman towns and cities in Egypt
Hadrian
Populated places disestablished in the 10th century
10th-century disestablishments in Africa