The Antakirinja, otherwise spelt Antakarinya, and alternatively spoken of as the Ngonde, are an

indigenous Australian Indigenous Australians or Australian First Nations are people with familial heritage from, and membership in, the ethnic groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples ...

people of

South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...

Name

Their tribal

ethnonym An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...

generally signifies "westerners", from ''andakara'' / ''antakiri'', apparently meaning 'west,' with the suffix -''nja'' denoting 'name'.

Language

Antakirinya is a Western Desert language belonging to the Wati language family of the Pama-Nyungan languages.

Country

Norman Tindale Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. Life Tindale was born in Perth, Western Australia in 1900. His family moved to Tokyo and lived ther ...

estimated the total range of lands to extend over roughly . They lived around the

headwaters The headwaters of a river or stream is the farthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or downstream confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river. It is also known as a river's source. Definition The ...

of four rivers, the Hamilton, Alberga, Wintinna, and Lora, and northwards over the modern border as far as

Kulgera Kulgera is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs and north of the border with South Australia, making it the southernmost permanent settlement in the Northern Territory. It sits on the junction of the ...

in the

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory ...

. Their southern frontiers, just before the start of the gibber desert terrain, ran down to Mount Willoughby, Arckaringa, and the

Stuart Range The Stuart Range is a mountain range in central Washington (state), Washington, United States. The range lies within the eastern extent of the Cascade Range immediately southwest of Leavenworth, Washington, Leavenworth and runs east–west. The ...

, close to the

Kokata The Kokatha, also known as the Kokatha Mula, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of South Australia. They speak the Kokatha language, close to or a dialect of the Western Desert language. Country Traditional Kokatha lands extend ov ...

territory at

Coober Pedy Coober Pedy () is a town in northern South Australia, north of Adelaide on the Stuart Highway. The town is sometimes referred to as the "opal capital of the world" because of the quantity of precious opals that are mined there. Coober Pedy is ...

. The line separating them from the Matuntara tribe roughly coincides with the northern reaches of the bluebush plains.

Social organization

The Antakarinya were composed of several hordes. * ''Walarangunja'' (eastern

Everard Ranges The Everard Ranges, officially known as The Everard Ranges, is a range of low rounded granite hills located in the Australian state of South Australia in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands about west of Mintabie. It is of P ...

) * ''Kadjilaranda'' (clan north of the eastern Everard Ranges) According to Christopher Giles, a Telegrapoh Stationmaster as

Charlotte Waters Charlotte Waters was a tiny settlement in the Northern Territory of Australia located close to the South Australian border, not far from Aputula. It was known for its telegraph station, the Charlotte Waters Telegraph Station, which became a hu ...

, writing in 1875, they had four class names: * ''Parroola'' * ''Panungka'' * ''Booltara'' * ''Koomurra'' The marriage relations of the four were tabulated in the following manner:

Alternative names

* ''Antakarinja, Antakerinya, Antakerrinya, Andagirinja, Andagarinja, Andekerinja'' (

Arrernte Arrernte (also spelt Aranda, etc.) is a descriptor related to a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples from Central Australia. It may refer to: * Arrernte (area), land controlled by the Arrernte Council (?) * Arrernte people, Aboriginal Australi ...

pronunciation), ''Andekarinja, Antekarinja, Andigarinya''. * ''Andigirinji, Antingari, Andigari, Andgari'' * ''Andegilliga, Andigarina, Antigari, Andigiri, Anjirigna'' * ''Anterrikanya, Antegarinya, Antigerinya, Andjirigna'' * ''Untergerrie'' * ''Aldolinga'' * ''Ngonde'' * ''Tangara'' * ''Yandairunga'' * ''Njuntundjara''. (

Yankuntjatjarra The Yankunytjatjara people, also written Yankuntjatjarra, Jangkundjara, and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of South Australia. Language Yankunytjatjara is a Western Desert language belonging to the Wati lan ...

exonym An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, ...

). * ''Walarangunja'' * ''Walarenunga'' * ''Kadjilaranda'' * ''Aluna''. (language name for southern bands).

Notes

Citations

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{authority control Aboriginal peoples of South Australia