Lady Anna Mackenzie (1621–1707), also Ann MacKenzie, was a Scottish courtier and memoirist, wife of the
first Earl of Balcarres and the mother of the second and
third
Third or 3rd may refer to:
Numbers
* 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3
* , a fraction of one third
* 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute''
Places
* 3rd Street (disambiguation)
* Third Avenue (disambiguation)
* Hi ...
. After her first husband died, she married
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll (26 February 1629 – 30 June 1685) was a Scottish peer and soldier.
The hereditary chief of Clan Campbell, and a prominent figure in Scottish politics, he was a Royalist supporter during the latter stage ...
. She was a
governess
A governess is a largely obsolete term for a woman employed as a private tutor, who teaches and trains a child or children in their home. A governess often lives in the same residence as the children she is teaching. In contrast to a nanny, ...
to
William III when he was a child. Mackenzie suffered because she was a
Jacobite and her second husband was executed for leading a rising against
James VII and II which was intended to support the
Monmouth Rebellion
The Monmouth Rebellion, also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion, the Revolt of the West or the West Country rebellion, was an attempt to depose James II, who in February 1685 succeeded his brother Charles II as king of England, Scotland and Ir ...
. She worked to keep together the
estates of Balcarres despite the tumultuous times in which she lived and her family's support of the Jacobite cause.
Her memoirs were published more than a century after her death.
Early life and Balcarres
Mackenzie was born in
Brahan Castle
Brahan Castle was situated south-west of Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Highland Scotland. The castle belonged to the Earls of Seaforth, chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie, who dominated the area.
History
Brahan Castle was built by Colin Mackenzie, 1st E ...
in about 1621. Her parents were
Colin Mackenzie, the first
earl of Seaforth, Viscount Fortrose, and Lord Mackenzie of Kintail, and Margaret, the daughter of
Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline,
Lord Chancellor of Scotland. She had several siblings, all of whom died young except for an elder sister, Jean (died 1648). Her parents died whilst Anna was a child.
After her father's death, in 1633, she resided at
Leslie House, the seat of her cousin,
Lord Rothes. There she was married in April 1640, against the wish of her uncle, then the head of the family, to another cousin,
Alexander Lindsay, master of Balcarres, who became
Lord Balcarres in the following year. She worked throughout her life to keep together the
estates of Balcarres despite the tumultuous times in which she lived and her family's support of the Jacobite cause.
[Rosalind K. Marshall, 'Mackenzie, Anna , countess of Balcarres and countess of Argyll (c.1621–1707)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004]
online edn, October 2006
accessed 29 November 2014.
In 1647, her husband became responsible for
Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a historic castle in Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. It stands on Castle Rock (Edinburgh), Castle Rock, which has been occupied by humans since at least the Iron Age, although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. ...
and in 1651,
Charles II became the
King of Scots
The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, the first King of Scots was Kenneth I MacAlpin (), who founded the state in 843. Historically, the Kingdom of Scotland is thought to have gro ...
and he promoted her husband to be the
Earl of Balcarres. On 22 February 1651, the king paid the couple a visit shortly before the birth of her first child, to whom he became godfather. On the invasion after
Worcester
Worcester may refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* Worcester, England, a city and the county town of Worcestershire in England
** Worcester (UK Parliament constituency), an area represented by a Member of Parliament
* Worcester Park, London, Engla ...
, she went with her husband to the
Scottish Highlands
The Highlands ( sco, the Hielands; gd, a’ Ghàidhealtachd , 'the place of the Gaels') is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland S ...
, where he had command of the royalists. To pay for the debts incurred by Balcarres in the royal cause, she sold her jewels and other valuables, and many years of her subsequent life were spent in redeeming the ruin in which the Balcarres family had been involved.
Their support for the king resulted in their estates being seized. Her husband tried to raise a rebellion in Scotland, but in 1654 they were both summoned to France to assist the king. Leaving her own children in Scotland, Anna was chosen to be the governess of the future
William III of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic f ...
in
the Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
in 1657. Between Anna, her husband,
John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale,
Kincardine, and
Robert Moray there existed a close friendship, as well as family connection. After her husband's death at the Hague on 30 August 1659, her young son,
Charles (1650–1662) became the Earl.
The countess returned immediately to Fifeshire, but shortly went on to France, where, being attached to the Presbyterian church, she was instrumental in securing the support of the French Protestant ministers for the king in 1660. At the
Restoration, a pension was settled upon her by Charles, who often expressed for her a deep admiration, but it was some years before it was paid. During the interval, she and her children suffered great privations. She remained in England until May 1662, and there became acquainted with
Richard Baxter
Richard Baxter (12 November 1615 – 8 December 1691) was an English Puritan church leader, poet, hymnodist, theologian, and controversialist. Dean Stanley called him "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". After some false starts, ...
, who declared that "her great wisdom, modesty, piety, and sincerity made her accounted the saint at the court". The conversion of her eldest daughter and the daughter's subsequent death in a nunnery were a great blow to Anna. In 1662, she returned to Scotland, when from poverty and anxiety she became ill. The King agreed to pay Anna and the elder of her two sons £1000 a year in recognition of the assistance he had received from their family. The money was not a complete gift as they had to return the
governorship of
Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a historic castle in Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. It stands on Castle Rock (Edinburgh), Castle Rock, which has been occupied by humans since at least the Iron Age, although the nature of the early settlement is unclear. ...
.
Her son Charles died in October 1662, whereupon Colin succeeded as 3rd Earl of Balcarres.
In 1664, her financial condition improved by the payment of the promised pension, for which she had petitioned in November 1663, but the friendship with Lauderdale appears to have been broken off. The next few years were spent in trying to pay off the debts upon the Balcarres estates, and in 1669, her son's rights on the Seaforth estates were given up by her for the sum of 80,000 marks.
Countess of Argyll
On 28 January 1670, she married
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll
Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll (26 February 1629 – 30 June 1685) was a Scottish peer and soldier.
The hereditary chief of Clan Campbell, and a prominent figure in Scottish politics, he was a Royalist supporter during the latter stage ...
. After this marriage, she was able to assist with the debts inherited by her son, Colin, from her first husband. However, her son failed to take advantage of this financial opportunity.
[Paul Hopkins, "Lindsay, Colin, third earl of Balcarres (1652–1721)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004]
online edn, January 2007
accessed 29 November 2014. Her second marriage did not go well either and her husband was sentenced to death for high treason. He managed to escape to Holland due to the brave intervention of Anna's daughter, Sophia Lindsay, who smuggled him away disguised as one of her servants.
It was said that Sophia only escaped a public whipping for helping her step-father because of the intercession of the future
James II.
Anna was in time supported financially by the King despite her husband's estates being seized. Her husband supported the
Monmouth rebellion
The Monmouth Rebellion, also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion, the Revolt of the West or the West Country rebellion, was an attempt to depose James II, who in February 1685 succeeded his brother Charles II as king of England, Scotland and Ir ...
by raising a rebellion in Scotland to partner the force established in England by the
Duke of Monmouth. Anna was arrested as soon as her husband arrived in Scotland to raise the rebellion
and placed in Edinburgh Castle.
[A memoir of Lady Anna Mackenzie, countess of Balcarres and afterwards of Argyll, 1621–1706]
p. 124, Alexander Crawford Lindsay, 1868. Argyll was eventually executed, as his father had been before him.
After her husband's death, his son Charles married his saviour: Anna's daughter, Sophia Lindsay.
Anna was buried probably beside her first husband and their son Charles in the Balcarres chapel, although no record of interment is found in the parish books. Her memories were gathered together and published in 1868 by
Alexander Crawford Lindsay the 25th
Earl of Crawford.
[A memoir of Lady Anna Mackenzie, countess of Balcarres and afterwards of Argyll, 1621–1706]
Alexander Crawford Lindsay, 1868.
Notes
References
*
Bibliography
*
*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackenzie, Anna
1621 births
1707 deaths
17th-century Scottish women writers
17th-century Scottish writers
18th-century British women writers
18th-century Scottish writers
Clan Lindsay
Anna
Anna may refer to:
People Surname and given name
* Anna (name)
Mononym
* Anna the Prophetess, in the Gospel of Luke
* Anna (wife of Artabasdos) (fl. 715–773)
* Anna (daughter of Boris I) (9th–10th century)
* Anna (Anisia) (fl. 1218 to 1221) ...
People from Ross and Cromarty
Protestant Jacobites
Balcarres
Scottish courtiers
Scottish governesses
Scottish Presbyterians
Scottish women writers
Scottish Jacobites
Governesses to the Scottish court
British women memoirists