Anglosphere

The Anglosphere is a group of English-speaking nations that share common cultural and historical ties to the

United Kingdom

, and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the

British Empire

.

The definition is usually taken to include these developed countries:

Australia

,

Canada

,

New Zealand

, the

United Kingdom

, and the

United States

in a grouping called the core Anglosphere. This term can also encompass the

Republic of Ireland

and the

Commonwealth Caribbean

countries such as The Bahamas,

Barbados

, and

Jamaica

.

Definitions and variable geometry

The term ''Anglosphere'' was first coined, but not explicitly defined, by the science fiction writer

Neal Stephenson

in his book ''The Diamond Age'', published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland,

South Africa

, and the British West Indies. The

Merriam-Webster

dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".

Core Anglosphere

The five main ("core") countries in the Anglosphere (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States) are all developed countries and maintain a close affinity of cultural, diplomatic and military links with one another. All are aligned under such programmes as:
* ABCANZ Armies
*Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
* AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
* Border Five
*Combined Communications Electronics Board (communications electronics)
* Five Country Conference (immigration)
*Five Eyes (intelligence)
*Five Nations Passport Group
*The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
*The UKUSA Agreement (signals intelligence).

In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have

Elizabeth II

as head of state, form part of the

Commonwealth of Nations

and use of the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.

Public opinion research has found that people in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world. Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the US and Canada and the US and UK constituting among the most successful partnerships in the world.

Below is a table comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data are for 2019):

Culture and economics

Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share some cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the

rule of law

through common law instead of civil law, and favour

democracy

with legislative chambers above other political systems. Private property is protected by law or constitution.

Market freedom is high in the

United States

, the

United Kingdom

,

Canada

,

Australia

, and

New Zealand

, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a

capitalist

model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century

United Kingdom

. The shared sense of

globalization

led cities such as

New York

,

London

,

Los Angeles

,

Sydney

, and

Toronto

to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the

global economy

. Global popular culture has been highly influenced by Americanization.

Imperial and US customary measurement systems are often used in Anglosphere countries in addition to or instead of the International System of Units.

Proponents and critics

Proponents of the Anglosphere idea typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example

Michael Ignatieff

of the Liberal Party of Canada).

Proponents

The American businessman James C. Bennett, a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book ''The Anglosphere Challenge'':

Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.

British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.

According to a 2003 profile in ''

The Guardian

'', historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the

European Union

in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".

CANZUK

Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), whose members form part of the

Commonwealth of Nations

and retain Elizabeth II as head of state. In the wake of the

United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union

as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed between the CANZUK countries.

While the

United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union

in 2016 has had little impact on its favourability ratings with other members of the Anglosphere, there has been a marked drop in the United States favourability ratings with other Anglosphere nations since the election of

Donald Trump

as the 45th

President of the United States

in 2016. In 2017, the United States had negative favourability ratings with the CANZUK countries.

Criticisms

In 2000,

Michael Ignatieff

wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the ''New York Review of Books'', that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms have been drawn closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either

withdraw from Europe

or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".

In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for ''The Spectators Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'." He repeated this criticism in another article for ''

The Guardian

'' in 2018. Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.

In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled ''Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics'' (). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:

They stated in another article:

See also

* British diaspora
* English-speaking world
*

Eurosphere

; Francosphere (French), Hispanosphere (Spanish), Lusosphere (Portuguese)
* White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)
* '' History of the English Speaking Peoples'' (Winston Churchill)
* Five Power Defence Arrangements
* JUSCANZ
* List of countries by English-speaking population
* List of countries where English is an official language

Notes

References

Citations

Further reading

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External links

James C. Bennett (2002) An Anglosphere Primer
presented to the Foreign Policy Research Institute
BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere

{{English official language clickable map

British Empire
Commonwealth of Nations
Historical regions