The Anadyr (russian: Ана́дырь;
Yukaghir: Онандырь; ckt, Йъаайваам) is a river in the far northeast of Siberia which flows into the
Gulf of Anadyr
The Gulf of Anadyr, or Anadyr Bay (russian: Анадырский залив), is a large bay on the Bering Sea in far northeast Siberia. It has a total surface area of
Location
The bay is roughly rectangular and opens to the southeast. The corn ...
of the
Bering Sea
The Bering Sea (, ; rus, Бе́рингово мо́ре, r=Béringovo móre) is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and The Am ...
and drains much of the interior of
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Chukotka (russian: Чуко́тка), officially the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug,, ''Čukotkakèn avtonomnykèn okrug'', is the easternmost federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia. It is an autonomous okrug situated in the Russian ...
. Its
basin corresponds to the
Anadyrsky District
Anadyrsky District (russian: Ана́дырский райо́н; Chukchi: , ''Kagyrgyn rajon'') is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #148-OZ district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the c ...
of Chukotka.
Geography
The Anadyr is long and has a basin of .
It is frozen from October to late May and has a maximum flow in June with the
snowmelt
In hydrology, snowmelt is surface runoff produced from melting snow. It can also be used to describe the period or season during which such runoff is produced. Water produced by snowmelt is an important part of the annual water cycle in many p ...
. It is navigable in small boats for about to near
Markovo. West of Markovo it is in the
Anadyr Highlands (moderate mountains and valleys with a few trees) and east of Markovo it moves into the
Anadyr Lowlands (very flat treeless
tundra
In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mou ...
with lakes and bogs). The drop from Markovo to the sea is less than .
It rises at about 67°N latitude and 171°E longitude in the Anadyr Highlands, near the headwaters of the
Maly Anyuy, flows southwest receiving the waters of the rivers
Yablon and
Yeropol, turns east around the
Shchuchy Range and passes Markvovo and the old site of
Anadyrsk
Anadyrsk was an important Russian ostrog (fortified settlement) in far northeastern Siberia from 1649 to 1764. It was on the Anadyr River, near the head of small-boat navigation, about 300 miles upstream, 12 miles northeast of the present Mark ...
, turns north and east and receives the
Mayn
The Mayn (russian: Майн; ckt, Мэйнывээм, meaning "The Great River") is a river in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Magadan Oblast) in Russia, one of the major tributaries of the Anadyr. The length of the river is . The area of is drainage ...
from the south, thereby encircling the Lebediny
Zakaznik
Zakaznik (russian: зака́зник, зака́зники, transliterated: ''zakaznik, zakazniki''; uk, singular: заказни́к or зака́зник; plural: заказники́ or зака́зники, transliterated: ''zakaznyk'', ''zak ...
, turns northeast to receive the
Belaya from the north in the
Parapol-Belsky Lowlands, then past
Ust-Belaya it turns southeast into the Anadyr Lowlands past the Ust-Tanyurer Zakaznik and receives the
Tanyurer
The Tanyurer (russian: Танюрер) is a river in Chukotka in Russia, a left tributary of the Anadyr. The length of the river is . The area of its drainage basin is .
The whole basin of the Tanyurer and its tributaries belongs to the Chukotka ...
from the north. At
Lake Krasnoye, it turns east and flows into the
Onemen Bay
Onemen Bay (russian: Залив Онемен, ''Zaliv Onmen''; ckt, Онмын, ''Onmyn'') is a bay of the Gulf of Anadyr, Bering Sea. Administratively it belongs to the Anadyrsky District of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. There are no set ...
of the
Anadyr Estuary
Anadyrskiy Liman (russian: Анадырский Лиман) or Anadyr Estuary is an estuary on the Gulf of Anadyr in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Siberia, Russian Federation. Geography
It is called a liman because it is separated from the Gulf of ...
. If the Onemen Bay is considered part of the river, it also receives the
Velikaya
The Velikaya () is a river in Novosokolnichesky, Pustoshkinsky, Sebezhsky, Opochetsky, Pushkinogorsky, Ostrovsky, Palkinsky, and Pskovsky Districts of Pskov Oblast, as well as in the city of Pskov in Russia. It is a major tributary of Lak ...
from the south and the
Kanchalan from the north. Other important tributaries are the Yablon, Yeropol and
Mamolina from the right and the
Chineyveyem and
Ubiyenka from the left.
[Water of Russia - Анадырь]
/ref>
Its basin is surrounded by the Amguema and Palyavaam basins to the north, the Bolshoy Anyuy, Oloy and Kolyma
Kolyma (russian: Колыма́, ) is a region located in the Russian Far East. It is bounded to the north by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean, and by the Sea of Okhotsk to the south. The region gets its name from the Kolyma River ...
basins to the northwest, and the Penzhina
The Penzhina (russian: Пенжина; Koryak: Мыгыкивэем) is a river in Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It is long, and has a drainage basin of .
The name "Penzhina" originated the Chukchi word ''"Pennyn"'', meaning "place of attack". In ...
basin to the southwest.
History
In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnyov ( rus, Семён Ива́нович Дежнёв, p=sʲɪˈmʲɵn ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ dʲɪˈʐnʲɵf; sometimes spelled Dezhnyov; c. 1605 – 1673) was a Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through t ...
reached the mouth of the Anadyr after being shipwrecked on the coast. In 1649, he went upriver and built winter quarters at Anadyrsk. For the next 100 years, the Anadyr was the main route from the Arctic to the Pacific and Kamchatka
The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and west ...
. In the 18th century, the Anadyr was described by the polar explorer Dmitry Laptev.
Ecology
The country through which it passes is thinly populated, and is dominated by tundra, with a rich variety of plant life. Much of the region's landscapes are dominated by rugged mountains. For nine months of the year the ground is covered with snow, and the frozen rivers become navigable roads. George Kennan, an American working on the Western Union Telegraph Expedition
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town in the US
*Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western world, countries that id ...
in the late 1860s, found that dog sled travel on the lower Anadyr was limited by lack of firewood.
Reindeer
Reindeer (in North American English, known as caribou if wild and ''reindeer'' if domesticated) are deer in the genus ''Rangifer''. For the last few decades, reindeer were assigned to one species, ''Rangifer tarandus'', with about 10 subs ...
, upon which the local inhabitants subsisted, were once found in considerable numbers, but the domestic reindeer population has collapsed dramatically since the reorganization and privatization of state-run collective farms beginning in 1992. As herds of domestic reindeer have declined, herds of wild caribou have increased.
There are ten species of salmon
Salmon () is the common name for several commercially important species of euryhaline ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae, which are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus '' Salmo'') and North Pacific (genus '' Onco ...
inhabiting the Anadyr river basin. Every year, on the last Sunday in April, there is an ice fishing competition in the frozen estuarine waters of the Anadyr's mouth. This festival is locally known as Korfest.
The area is a summering place for a number of migratory birds including brent geese
The brant or brent goose (''Branta bernicla'') is a small goose of the genus ''Branta''. There are three subspecies, all of which winter along temperate-zone sea-coasts and breed on the high-Arctic tundra.
The Brent oilfield was named after ...
, Eurasian wigeon
The Eurasian wigeon or European wigeon (''Mareca penelope''), also known as the widgeon or the wigeon, is one of three species of wigeon in the dabbling duck genus ''Mareca''. It is common and widespread within its Palearctic range.
Taxonomy
Th ...
s, and the pintails
The pintail or northern pintail (''Anas acuta'') is a duck species with wide geographic distribution that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic and North America. It is migratory and winters south of its breeding ra ...
of California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
."Biologist's Journal 2001" Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey
/ref>
See also
* Operation Anadyr
Sources
Footnotes
Notes
References
*
*{{cite journal, last=Henny , first=Charles J. , date=January 1973 , title=Drought Displaced Movement of North American Pintails into Siberia , journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management , volume=37 , number=1 , pages=23–29 , doi=10.2307/3799734, jstor=3799734
External links
"Tourist and environmental information"
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug website, in English
"Russia Far East: Anadyr River" Wild Salmon Center
*
Anadyr River Watershed
Rivers of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Drainage basins of the Bering Sea