Ana Gallum, also referred to as Nansi Wiggins (circa 1755 - 1840), was a Senegalese woman, who was enslaved in Florida, eventually becoming a slave owning planter herself. She was kidnapped from her homeland and brought to the Americas as a bondsperson. The beginning of her story is similar to millions of other Africans who fell victim to the

Transatlantic Slave Trade The Atlantic slave trade, transatlantic slave trade, or Euro-American slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and i ...

and were subjected to the middle passage. Gallum's life, however, was different from most of them. She was freed after serving as a bondswoman for a short period of time, marrying her former owner ― an English-born planter ― and had six children with him. As a widow, Gallum would ultimately end up inheriting and owning numerous enslaved individuals herself, as well as owning and operating a plantation in what was then

Spanish Florida Spanish Florida ( es, La Florida) was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. ''La Florida'' formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, ...

.“Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress,” New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching. Dr. Jane Landers, a historian and the leading researcher on Gallum, summarizes the life of Gallum: “Ana suffered rape and hardships on the Florida frontier, but was able to utilize legal and social resources in the Spanish world that enabled her to establish security”.Jane Landers, “Founding Mothers: Female Rebels in Colonial New Granada and Spanish Florida.” ''Journal of African American History'' 98, no. 1 (2013).

Early life

There is very little known about Ana Gallum's early life due to a severe lack of documentation. What is known is that she was born in approximately 1755 in Senegal, Africa, where she was captured at a young age and sold to the Scottish trading firm,

Panton, Leslie & Company Panton, Leslie & Company was a company of Scottish merchants active in trading in the Bahamas and with the Native Americans of what is now the Southeastern United States during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The origins of Panton, Leslie ...

. Once aboard a

slave ship Slave ships were large cargo ships specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting slaves. Such ships were also known as "Guineamen" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the Guinea coast ...

, she survived the perilous

Middle Passage The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods (first ...

journey and was brought into

St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine ( ; es, San Agustín ) is a city in the Southeastern United States and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabit ...

. Once arrived, she was sold to an English-born planter, Joseph “Job” Wiggins.Jane Landers, “Ana Gallum, Freed Slave and Property Owner,” in ''Women in Colonial Latin America'', ed. Nora E. Jaffary and Jane E. Mangan (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 2018). After some time together, the two married in a Protestant ceremony in 1781. However, because the two chose to marry outside of the Catholic Church, Spanish officials did not recognize the marriage as it was not sanctified by the Catholic church. Regardless, they carried on with their lives and Gallum would eventually use her marriage as a stepping stool to rise from being an average plantation worker, to become a plantation mistress. The pair had six children together throughout the course of their marriage ― 4 daughters and 2 sons ― who were all born free under Spanish law. Gallum would eventually baptize all of her children in the Catholic church in 1795 and 1797, which in turn would help the children to advance further in their lives and allow them to make financially advantageous marriages under Spanish rule.“Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress,” New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching. The two remained together for another 18 years until Wiggins' death in 1797, leaving his entire estate and all property to Gallum as the rightful inheritor on the behalf of their children. She retained ownership of the estate, the rights of her children, a furnished plantation house, and any bondspeople who worked the property as well. Thereafter, Gallum continued to run her newly acquired estate as her husband had, the only difference being that she was now the head of household, with the assistance of her eldest son Benjamin.

Marriage and children

Ana Gallum was married to Joseph Wiggins in a Protestant ceremony in 1779 in Rolleston, Florida.Jane Landers, ''Black Society in Spanish Florida'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999). Now known as Palatka, the city was held by the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

from 1763 to 1784, at which time it was ceded to the Spanish as part of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. This rendered the marriage between Wiggins and Gallum moot in the eyes of the Catholic Church. This was due to the fact that Joseph was a

Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

, and the newly instated Spanish colonial government (which was

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

) did not formally recognize their marriage. By the time Wiggins and Gallum married, Gallum was approximately 24 years old and more than able to bear children. However, their first child ― Beatriz, also known as Patricia ― was not born until almost three years later in 1782 when Gallum was about 27 years old. The couple had six children in total, beginning with Beatriz/Patricia in 1782, Maria in 1785, Benjamin in 1788, Abigail Juana/Jennie in 1789, Ana Maria on May 15, 1792, and Jorge Jose on July 10, 1795. Joseph Wiggins died only 2 years after the birth of his last child, when Gallum was 42 years old. This led to Gallum inheriting his property, which consisted of an approximately 1,400 acre plantation, 100 head of cattle, farming equipment, and six cabins worth of slaves. Wiggins's death also began what would be a four-year process to prove that Gallum was in fact the true wife and inheritor of his estate. After the death of her husband, Gallum worked the plantation, and actively participated in the trading of both cattle and slaves while doing so. Two years after the death of her husband in early 1799, Gallum was sexually assaulted by a man named Pedro Cassaly, who had come to the plantation to purchase cattle. While Cassaly drowned on the road during his return to St. Augustine, the encounter left Gallum pregnant with her seventh and final child at approximately age 44, and she gave birth to Pedro Cassaly II later that same year. She petitioned for financial assistance for this child because of the circumstances of his birth, but was denied by the courts due to the fact that her inheritance of the estate of her husband left her a wealthy woman.

Court cases

Due to Gallum living in Florida during the period of Spanish colonial rule, the conditions of her enslavement were different than those faced by other enslaved Africans living elsewhere in

Colonial America The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of North America from the early 17th century until the incorporation of the Thirteen Colonies into the United States after the Revolutionary War. In the ...

. Where an enslaved individual was sold into bondage for generations in the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

, enslavement was seen as a legal condition and came with some degree of rights according to the Spanish ''

Siete Partidas The ''Siete Partidas'' (, "Seven-Part Code") or simply ''Partidas'', was a Castilian statutory code first compiled during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284), with the intent of establishing a uniform body of normative rules for th ...

''. Under these guidelines, slaves were afforded certain rights, and enslaved women were placed into the same protected class as children and other “invalids” who were believed to require “supervision”, but were deemed deserving of some certain amount of privilege. Women were protected from physical and sexual assault under Spanish law, and enslaved women were no exception. Spaniards were typically accustomed to African communities, and miscegenation was common in the Spanish colonies. According to historian Dr. Jane Landers, “the courts in Spanish Florida regularly supported the inheritance rights of women and children of African descent if their relationship to the deceased had been publicly acknowledged, even when the mothers were not legally married to the fathers of their children.” Gallum was sexually assaulted by Pedro Cassaly while he purchased some cattle from her estate. The sale proceeded as normal, but Cassaly drowned before he was able to return to St. Augustine. Gallum was left pregnant from the assault, giving birth to the child that same year. She then went to the Spanish courts and applied for financial assistance to help raise the son born from this rape. However, the community knew she owned considerable amounts of land, and her eldest daughter and son had both married to wealthy mixed race families, so she was denied any aid by the courts. While she did not receive the compensation she was looking for, her usage of the court system shows that Ana had integrated herself fully into Spanish society, and understood that the court system was a tool she could use to her advantage.

Death

The information surrounding the life of Ana Gallum is quite sparse, and the same can be said about her death. In fact, the only information surrounding her death is that Gallum died in 1840 according to the Federal Census of the United States of that year. As mentioned in the “Early Life” portion of the article, research suggests that Gallum was born sometime in 1755. Using her estimated birth year, it can be concluded that her age was approximately 85 at the time of her death.

Legacy

Gallum spent a majority of her life a freed woman in the Spanish colonies, enjoying the citizenship and rights afforded to many other women living under Spanish rule. This also allowed her to secure a far better life for her children. Her eldest son Benjamin became a translator on behalf of the local Indigenous tribes, spending time among the Seminoles, and eventually marrying the daughter of prominent mixed race planter and rancher, Felipe Edinborough.“Life Story: Nansi Wiggins: Plantation Slave to Plantation Mistress,” New York Historical Society, (2021): https://wams.nyhistory.org/settler-colonialism-and-revolution/settler-colonialism/nansi-wiggins/#teaching. Her eldest daughter ― Beatriz ― married a mixed race man named Charles W. Clarke, the younger brother of prominent social and political figure George J.F. Clarke. Beatriz, like her mother, had six children with Clarke between the years of 1799 to 1812. Eventually, Clarke and Beatrice, whom he often called “Patty” or “Particia”, followed his brother and his family to Fernandina, Amelia Island, where they were able to achieve a much better social status as freed Black people under Spanish rule. Art_of_Ana_Gallum

Another daughter of Gallum ㅡ Abigail Juana, called “Jennie” ㅡ also journeyed to Fernandina, where she and several of Gallum's other children were able to become landowners in their own rights, most of them disappearing from historical record and fully integrating with white society. Gallum herself moved to Fernandina from Palatka in 1811 after losing the Wiggins’ plantation due to a lack of agricultural development on the land, and purchased three lots of property for herself and her youngest son, Pedro Cassaly II. When Florida eventually became a part of the United States with the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Gallum and her children remained in the newly established state, even as many other freed bondspeople emigrated to Cuba. As Spanish law termed the condition of slavery a “changeable legal situation” with little connection to the race or complexion of a bondsperson, Ana Gallum was able to use the Spanish legal system to her advantage to secure a life of moderate wealth for herself, and a far easier life for her children.E.S.D. Fomin, ''Trans-Slave Trade Routes and Traders of Africa'' (Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, August 2016).

References