''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'', with the common names common ragweed, annual ragweed, and low ragweed, is a species of the genus ''
Ambrosia'' native to regions of
the Americas
The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World.
Along with th ...
.
Taxonomy
The species name, ''artemisiifolia'', is given because the leaves were thought to bear a resemblance to the leaves of
Artemisia, the true
wormwoods.
It has also been called the common names: American wormwood, bitterweed, blackweed, carrot weed, hay fever weed, Roman wormwood, short ragweed, stammerwort, stickweed, tassel weed.
[NPIN−Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network: ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'']
/ref>
Distribution
The plant is native to: North America across Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
, the eastern and central United States, the Great Plains, and in Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S ...
; the Caribbean on Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
, Hispaniola
Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Española; Latin and french: Hispaniola; ht, Ispayola; tnq, Ayiti or Quisqueya) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and t ...
, and Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispan ...
; and South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...
in the southern bioregion
A bioregion is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a biogeographic realm, but larger than an ecoregion or an ecosystem, in the World Wide Fund for Nature classification scheme. There is also an attempt to use th ...
(Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
, Chile, Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
, Uruguay
Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
), the western bioregion (Bolivia
, image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg
, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
, Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
), and Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
.climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
.
It is the most widespread species of the genus in North America, to which most of the other species of '' Ambrosia'' are endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...
. During the summer it causes allergic reaction
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, refer a number of conditions caused by the hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic derm ...
in those that are susceptible.
Description
''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' is an annual plant that emerges in late spring. It propagates mainly by rhizomes, but also by seed.[
It is much-branched, and grows up to in height.][Jepson eFlora (TJM2): ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'']
. accessed 26 August 2016. The pinnately divided soft and hairy leaves are long.[
Its bloom period is July to October in North America.][ Its pollen is wind-dispersed, and can be a strong ]allergen
An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies.
In technical ter ...
to people with hay fever
Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red ...
.[
It produces 2–4 mm obconic green to brown fruit.][ It sets seed in later summer or autumn. Since the seeds persist into winter and are numerous and rich in oil, they are relished by ]songbird
A songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder Passeri of the perching birds ( Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin ''oscen'', "songbird". The Passeriformes contains 50 ...
s and upland game birds.[
]
Invasive species
Common ragweed, ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'', is a widespread invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species adv ...
, and can become a noxious weed
A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or liv ...
, that has naturalized
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the i ...
in: Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
; temperate Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
and the Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India ...
; temperate northern and southern Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
and Macaronesia
Macaronesia (Portuguese: ''Macaronésia,'' Spanish: ''Macaronesia'') is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of Atlantic oceanic islands ...
; Oceania
Oceania (, , ) is a region, geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern Hemisphere, Eastern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of ...
in Australia, New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 List of islands of New Zealand, smaller islands. It is the ...
, and Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...
; and Southwestern North America in California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...
and the Southwestern United States
The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that generally includes Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent portions of California, Colorado, N ...
.[ A scientific study investigated the genomic basis of invasiveness in ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'', introduced to Europe in the late 19th century, by resequencing 655 ragweed genomes, including 308 herbarium specimens collected up to 190 years ago.]soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu ...
s as high as 30 percent. Control with night tillage
Night (also described as night time, unconventionally spelled as "nite") is the period of :wikt:ambient, ambient darkness from sunset to sunrise during each 24-hour day, when the Sun is below the horizon. The exact time when night begins and e ...
reduces emergence by around 45 percent. Small grains in rotation will also suppress common ragweed if they are overseeded with clover
Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus ''Trifolium'' (from Latin ''tres'' 'three' + ''folium'' 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus h ...
. Otherwise, the ragweed will grow and mature and produce seeds in the small grain stubble.
Its wind-blown pollen is highly allergenic.
Ragweed control
several herbicides were effective against common ragweed, although resistant populations were known to exist. In 2007 several ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' populations were glyphosate resistant, exclusively in the USA.Ophraella communa
''Ophraella communa'', common name ragweed leaf beetle, is a species of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.
Distribution
This species is native to North America (Canada, United States and Mexico) and it has been introduced in Asia and ...
'', has been found south of the Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, ...
in southern Switzerland and northern Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
. Many of the attacked plants were completely defoliated. Zygogramma suturalis
''Zygogramma suturalis'', commonly known as the ragweed leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle belonging to the genus ''Zygogramma''. Native to North America, it has been introduced into Russia and China for the biological pest control of ragw ...
was introduced to Russia, and then China, for ragweed control, with very positive initial results.
SMARTER is a European interdisciplinary network of experts involved in the control of ragweed, health care professionals, aerobiologists, ecologists, economists, and atmospheric and agricultural modellers.
Chemical composition, and uses
Sesquiterpene lactones and molluscicide
Three sesquiterpene lactones
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring. They are most often found in plants of the family Asteraceae (daisies, asters). Other plant families with SLs are Umbelliferae (celery, parsley, carrots) ...
isolated from the aerial parts of ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' were identified as psilostachyin
Psilostachyins are group of chemical compounds isolated from '' Ambrosia psilostachya''.
References
Ambrosia (plant)
Lactones
{{organic-compound-stub ...
A, psilostachyin B and psilostachyin C. All of them have some molluscicidal activity against the small tropical freshwater snail ''Oncomelania hupensis
''Oncomelania hupensis'' is a species of very small tropical freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiopsidae.
Distribution
''Oncomelania hupensis'' has been found in China, Taiwan, and also in Japan, the Phili ...
''.
Medicinal
''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' has been a traditional medicinal plant
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection a ...
for Native American tribes, including the Cherokee
The Cherokee (; chr, ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ, translit=Aniyvwiyaʔi or Anigiduwagi, or chr, ᏣᎳᎩ, links=no, translit=Tsalagi) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. Prior to the 18th century, th ...
, Lakota, Iroquois
The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...
, Dakota
Dakota may refer to:
* Dakota people, a sub-tribe of the Sioux
** Dakota language, their language
Dakota may also refer to:
Places United States
* Dakota, Georgia, an unincorporated community
* Dakota, Illinois, a town
* Dakota, Minnesota ...
, and Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacen ...
.
Phytoremediation
''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' is used in phytoremediation
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomi ...
projects remediating soil pollution, for removing heavy metals such as lead
Lead is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Pb (from the Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metals, heavy metal that is density, denser than most common materials. Lead is Mohs scale of mineral hardness#Intermediate ...
from contaminated soil.
Gallery
File:Common ragweed at distance.jpg, Plant from distance
File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia004.jpg, Close-up of leaf
File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia inflorescence.jpg, Inflorescence (male capitula)
File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia male flowers.jpg, Close-up of male capitula
File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia - female flowers RHu.jpg, Female flowers in leaf axil
File:Ambrosia artemisiifolia.jpg, Achenes
File:Ambrosia artem1-5.jpg, Pollen grain (scanning electron microscope)
References
External links
*
Calflora Database: ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'' (Annual ragweed, Common ragweed, Low ragweed)
non-native/naturalized species in California
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia''
non-native/naturalized species in California
UC CalPhotos gallery: ''Ambrosia artemisiifolia''
{{Authority control
artemisiifolia
Flora of Canada
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the Caribbean
Flora of southern South America
Flora of western South America
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Flora of the Great Plains (North America)
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Phytoremediation plants