Alexander Keith Johnston (1804–1871)

Alexander Keith Johnston FRSE FRGS FGS FEGS LLD (died 9 July 1871) was a Scottish geographer and cartographer.

Biography

He was born at Kirkhill near Penicuik, south of Edinburgh. He was the son of Andrew Johnston and Isabel Keith. His brother was Thomas Brumby Johnston FRSE.

After an education at the High School and the University of Edinburgh he was apprenticed to the Edinburgh engraver and mapmaker, James Kirkwood and William Home Lizars. In 1826, he joined his brother William (who would become Sir William Johnston, Lord Provost of Edinburgh) in a printing and engraving business, forming the well-known cartographical firm of W. and A. K. Johnston with offices based at 4 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh's New Town (demolished 2016) and their printworks based at Edina Works, off Easter Road. The firm used the clan motto of "Ready Aye Ready" as their logo. Early hikes in the West Highlands had led Johnston to despair at the accuracy of maps, and inspired a desire to rectify this.

The rest of Johnston's life was devoted to geography, his later years to its educational aspects especially. His services were recognised by the leading scientific societies of Europe and America.

Following his publication of ''The National Atlas of Historical, Commercial and Political Geography'' in 1843, Johnston was appointed Geographer Royal.

In October 1849, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert Chambers. In 1862 he was a founding member of the Meteorological Society of Scotland. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1865.

His Edinburgh address in later years was 16 Grosvenor Crescent in the affluent West End.

He died at Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire, in 1871. He is buried in the north-west section of Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh facing the west path.

Works

Johnston combined cartography with a painstaking and scholarly approach to map production. He went on to establish a reputation for scope and accuracy. Thematic atlases became the hallmark of the company he had founded and W & A K Johnston were appointed engravers to King William IV in 1834. In 1835 he constructed the first English language physical globe of the world incorporating its geology, hydrography and meteorology.

In 1843 Johnston published ''The National Atlas of Historical, Commercial and Political Geography''. Johnston was the first to bring the study of physical geography into competent notice in England. His attention had been called to the subject by Alexander von Humboldt. In 1848 Johnston published ''Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena'', followed by a second and enlarged edition in 1856. The atlas contained maps and descriptive letterpress to illustrate the geology, hydrography, meteorology, botany, zoology, and ethnology of the globe. ''The Physical Atlas'' was partly based on Heinrich Berghaus's German language ''Physikalischer Atlas'' and reflected the increased interest in the mapping of zoological and biological distributions. 18th century thinkers such as Montesquieu had stressed the importance of geography and climate as determining factors in history, and the concept of ''natural frontiers''. The atlas was a visual representation of Humboldtian science, which became popular in the 19th century and was preoccupied with the measurement of environmental parameters on a global scale. Berghaus and Johnston effectively illustrated the text of Humboldt's '' Kosmos'' and both atlases were subsequently plagiarized and abridged for school editions.

Johnston published a ''Dictionary of Geography'' in 1850, with many later editions. ''The Royal Atlas of Modern Geography'' was first published in 1855 and served as an atlas of military geography to accompany Alison's ''History of Europe'' published in 1848. A variety of other atlases and maps for educational or scientific purposes. In 1856 Johnston published the "School Atlas of Astronomy".

In 1861 Johnston published the first edition of the ''Royal Atlas of Modern Geography'' with 48 maps. By 1914 the atlas had gone through 12 editions and morphed into the ''Johnston's Handy Royal Atlas of Modern Geography'' with 61 colour lithographed maps and an index of 84 pages. While the Bartholomew's ''Citizen's Atlas'' sold more copies, being half the price, the ''Royal Altlas''became the standard library atlas throughout the British Empire.

In 1867 Johnston produced a new edition of his ''School Atlas of Classical Geography''. It contained a series of new maps that reflected the results of the most recent research into the classical antiquity. The ''Map of the Outer Geography of the Odyssey'' and two maps of ancient Greece were based on the scholarly work of William Ewart Gladstone, who had also revised the map plates and text of the atlas.

In 1871 Johnston published the ''Half-Crown Atlas of British History'' for the price sensitive educational market. It was designed as a connected series of maps for teachers and students and illustrated leading events of history.

Family

He married Margaret Gray in 1837. She was thereafter known as Margaret Keith Johnston.

His eldest son, also named Alexander Keith Johnston (1844–1879), was also the author of various geographical works and papers.

References

Attribution:
*

External links

DavidRumsey.com
has high resolution digital versions of A.K. Johnston's 1856 ''Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena'' and 1861 ''Royal Atlas of Modern Geography.''

Works by and about Alexander Keith Johnston
in the Berlin State Library.
*Johnston's 185
''Atlas of Astronomy''
edited by John Russell Hind - Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnston, Alexander Keith (1804-1871)
1871 deaths
19th-century Scottish people
People from the Scottish Borders
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish cartographers
Scottish geographers
Scottish lexicographers
Scottish book publishers (people)
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
19th-century lexicographers