Alcathoe Bat

The Alcathoe bat (''Myotis alcathoe'') is a European bat in the genus ''Myotis''. Known only from Greece and Hungary when it was first described in 2001, its known distribution has since expanded as far as Portugal, England, Sweden, and Russia. It is similar to the whiskered bat (''Myotis mystacinus'') and other species and is difficult to distinguish from them. However, its brown fur is distinctive and it is clearly different in characters of its karyotype and DNA sequences. It is most closely related to '' Myotis hyrcanicus'' from Iran, but otherwise has no close relatives.

With a forearm length of and body mass of , ''Myotis alcathoe'' is a small bat. The fur is usually reddish-brown on the upperparts and brown below, but more grayish in juveniles. The tragus (a projection on the inner side of the ear) is short, as is the ear itself, and the inner side of the ear is pale at the base. The wings are brown and the baculum (penis bone) is short and broad. ''M. alcathoe'' has a very high-pitched echolocation call, with a frequency that falls from 120 kHz at the beginning of the call to about 43 kHz at the end.

Usually found in old-growth deciduous forest near water, ''Myotis alcathoe'' forages high in the canopy and above water and mostly eats flies. The animal roosts in cavities high in trees. Although there are some winter records from caves, it may also spend the winter in tree cavities. Several parasites have been recorded on ''M. alcathoe''. The IUCN Red List assesses ''Myotis alcathoe'' as "data deficient", but it is considered threatened in several areas because of its rarity and vulnerability to habitat loss.

Taxonomy

The whiskered bat (''Myotis mystacinus'') and similar species in Eurasia (collectively known as "whiskered bats") are difficult to distinguish from each other; for example, the distantly related Brandt's bat (''Myotis brandtii'') was not recognized as distinct from ''M. mystacinus'' until the 1970s.Niermann et al., 2007, p. 362 Small, unusual ''M. mystacinus''-like bats were first recorded in Greece in the 1970s, but it was not until the advent of genetic studies that these bats could be confirmed as representing a distinct species, named ''Myotis alcathoe''. In 2001, the species was described by German zoologists Otto von Helversen and Klaus-Gerhard Heller on the basis of specimens from Greece and Hungary. Although it also differs from other whiskered bats by morphological characters, ''Myotis alcathoe'' is most clearly distinct in its genetics, including DNA sequences and the location of the nucleolus organizer regions.von Helversen et al., 2001, p. 218 Two studies used microsatellite markers on European whiskered bats: the first one used western European samples and recovered three well-defined species clusters for ''M. alcathoe'', ''M. brandtii'' and ''M. mystacinus'';Jan et al., 2010 the other one, conducted in Poland, suggesting a high level of hybrid (biology), hybridization with other whiskered bats that would further complicate attempts to identify ''M. alcathoe'' morphologically.

Von Helversen and Heller argued that none of the old names now considered synonyms of ''M. mystacinus'' could apply to ''M. alcathoe'', because these names all have their type localities in western or central Europe. However, the more recent discovery of ''M. alcathoe'' further to the west renders it possible that an older name may be discovered. In addition, Russian researcher Suren Gazaryan has suggested that the name ''caucasicus'' Tsytsulina, 2000 (originally proposed for a subspecies of ''M. mystacinus'' from the Caucasus) may prove to be applicable to ''M. alcathoe''; in that case, the species would be renamed ''Myotis caucasicus''. However, a later analysis instead attributed the name ''caucasicus'' to the eastern species ''Myotis davidii''. ''M. alcathoe'' may have remained undetected in Germany for so long because bat researchers did not sample its preferred habitats and would dismiss unusual-looking whiskered bats as being abnormal ''M. mystacinus'' or ''M. brandtii''.

On the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis, ''Myotis alcathoe'' first appeared close to Geoffroy's bat (''Myotis emarginatus'') of southern Europe, North Africa, and southwestern Asia. However, a study of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene incorporating many ''Myotis'' species did not support this relationship, and could not place ''M. alcathoe'' securely at a specific position among Eurasian ''Myotis''. In 2012, a closely related species, '' Myotis hyrcanicus'', was named from Iran. It is morphologically difficult to distinguish from ''M. alcathoe'', but sufficiently distinct genetically to be considered a separate species.

The population of ''Myotis alcathoe'' in Krasnodar Krai on the Russian Black Sea coast is genetically distinct from populations in the rest of Europe and is accordingly recognized as a subspecies, ''Myotis alcathoe circassicus'', first named in 2016.Benda et al., 2016, p. 859 Within the remaining populations (subspecies ''Myotis alcathoe alcathoe''), two groups with slightly divergent mitochondrial DNA sequences (separated by 1.3 to 1.4% sequence divergence) are distinguishable within the species, which probably correspond to different glacial refugia where ''M. alcathoe'' populations survived the last glacial period. One, known as the "Hungarian" group, has been recorded from Spain, France, Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia, and probably corresponds to a refugium in Iberia; the other, the "Greek" group, is known only from Greece and Slovakia.Spitzenberger et al., 2008, p. 7

The specific name, ''alcathoe'', refers to Alcathoe, a figure from Greek mythology who was turned into a bat when she refused the advances of the god Dionysus. She was associated with gorges and small streams, the preferred habitat of ''Myotis alcathoe'' in Greece.von Helversen et al., 2001, p. 217 In their original description, von Helversen and colleagues described her as a nymph, and the common name "nymph bat" has therefore been used for this species. However, none of the classical sources speak of Alcathoe as a nymph; instead, she was a princess, the daughter of King Minyas of Orchomenos. Therefore, Petr Benda recommended in 2008 that the common name "Alcathoe bat" or "Alcathoe myotis" be used instead. Other common names include "Alcathoe's bat" and "Alcathoe whiskered bat". The name of the subspecies ''M. a. circassicus'' refers to Circassia, a historical region of the northwestern Caucasus.Benda et al., 2016, p. 860

Description

''Myotis alcathoe'' is the smallest European ''Myotis'' species. The fur is brownish on the upperparts, with a reddish tone in old specimens, and a slightly paler gray-brown below. Younger animals may be completely gray-brown. The brown fur distinguishes adult ''M. alcathoe'' from other whiskered bats, but juveniles cannot be unambiguously identified on the basis of morphology.Spitzenberger et al., 2008, p. 9 ''M. alcathoe'' is similar to Daubenton's bat (''Myotis daubentonii'') and ''M. emarginatus'' in color.Benda et al., 2003a, p. 362 On the upper side of the body, the hairs are 6 to 8 mm long and have dark bases and brown tips. The hairs on the lower side of the body are only slightly paler at the tip than at the base.

The face and the upper lips are reddish to pink, not dark brown to black as in ''M. mystacinus''. Although most of the face is hairy, the area around the eyes is bare. The nostrils are heart-shaped,Dietz and von Helversen, 2004, p. 42 and their back end is broad, as in ''M. brandtii'', not narrow as in ''M. mystacinus''.von Helversen, 2001, p. 1161 Several glands are present on the muzzle, most prominently in reproductively active males. The ears are brown and are lighter on the inside than the outside. There is a notch at the edge of the ear, and the pointed tragus (a projection inside the ear that is present in some bats) extends up to this notch; the tragus is longer, extending beyond the notch, in both ''M. brandtii'' and ''M. mystacinus''.Bogdanowicz et al., 2012, table 1 The base of the inner side of the ear is white; it is much darker in ''M. mystacinus''. The feet and the thumbs are very small. The small size of the ear, tragus, feet, and thumb distinguishes ''M. alcathoe'' from the slightly larger ''M. mystacinus'' and ''M. brandtii'', but the feet are relatively larger than in ''M. mystacinus''.Ruedi et al., 2002, p. 647

The wings are brown, but lighter than those of ''M. mystacinus''.von Helversen, 2004, p. 1162 The plagiopatagium (the portion of the wing between the last digit and the hindlegs) is attached to the fifth toe. The tail extends only about 1 mm beyond the back margin of the uropatagium (the portion of the wing membrane between the hindlegs). The calcar, a cartilaginous spur supporting the uropatagium, is slender. With a width around 1.3 mm, the penis is narrow, and it lacks a broadened tip (except in one Croatian specimen).Pavlinić et al., 2012, p. 333 The baculum (penis bone) is about 0.5 mm long. The short and broad shape of this bone distinguishes ''M. alcathoe'' from ''M. brandtii'' as well as '' M. ikonnikovi''.

The skull is similar in shape to that of ''M. mystacinus'' and ''M. brandtii'', but the front part of the braincase is higher. The second and third upper premolars (P2 and P3) are tiny and pressed against the upper canine (C1) and fourth premolar (P4). The canine is less well-developed than in ''M. mystacinus''. There is a clear cusp present on the side of the P4. The accessory cusp known as the protoconule is present on each of the upper molars when they are unworn. ''M. mystacinus'' lacks the P4 cusp and the protoconules on the molars, but ''M. brandtii'' has an even larger cusp on P4. The Caucasus subspecies, ''M. alcathoe circassicus'', has a relatively narrower skull and longer upper molars.

As usual in ''Myotis'' species, ''M. alcathoe'' has a karyotype consisting of 44 chromosomes, with the fundamental number of chromosomal arms equal to 52. However, a 1987 study already found that ''M. alcathoe'' (then called "''Myotis'' sp. B") differs from both ''M. mystacinus'' and ''M. brandtii'' in the pattern of active nucleolus organizer regions on the chromosomes. ''M. alcathoe'' also differs from other ''Myotis'' species in the sequences of the mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 by at least 5% and 13%, respectively.

''M. alcathoe'' has the highest-frequency echolocation call of any European ''Myotis''. In open terrain, the call has an average duration of 2.5  ms, but it may be up to 4 ms long. At the beginning, its frequency is around 120 kHz, but it then falls fast, subsequently falls slightly slower, and at the end falls faster again. The call reaches its highest amplitude at around 53 kHz. It terminates at around 43 to 46 kHz; this characteristic is especially distinctive.Dietz et al., 2007, p. 231 In different experiments, the time between calls was found to be around 85 and 66 ms, respectively.von Helversen, 2004, p. 1167 The high-pitched call may be an adaptation to the animal's occurrence in dense vegetation.Ohlendorf and Funkel, 2008, p. 109

Head and body length is about and wingspan is around . Forearm length is , tibia length is , hindfoot length is , and body mass is .Dietz et al., 2007, p. 230 In the subspecies ''circassicus'', forearm length is and ear length is .

Distribution and habitat

Although ''Myotis alcathoe'' was initially known only from Greece and Hungary and was thought to be restricted to southeast Europe, records since then have greatly expanded its range, and it is now known from Portugal, Spain and England to Sweden and European Turkey. In several European countries, focused searches were conducted to detect its occurrence. Its habitat generally consists of moist, deciduous, mature forest near streams, for example in ravines or in alluvial forest (forest near a river), where there are many decaying trees that the bat can use as roosting sites.Bashta et al., 2011, p. 2 In Germany, its preferred habitat consists of mixed deciduous forest. In the south of the continent, it usually occurs in mountain ranges, but the factors affecting its distribution in the north are less well known. Its range appears to be similar in shape to those of the greater and lesser horseshoe bats (''Rhinolophus ferrumequinum'' and ''R. hipposideros'') and Geoffroy's bat (''Myotis emarginatus'').Niermann et al., 2007, p. 365 It may yet be found in other European countries, such as Ireland and Moldova. Although there are abundant records from some areas, such as France and Hungary, the species appears to be rare in most of its range.Spitzenberger et al., 2008, p. 11

Known records are as follows:
;Albania: A single specimen was caught in 2006 in a forest of planes (''Platanus orientalis'') and poplars (''Populus'' spp.) next to a small stream. ''M. mystacinus'' was recorded at the same place.
;Austria: Three specimens of ''M. alcathoe'' were recorded in Burgenland, southeastern Austria, in 2006. As of 2015, the species is known from 65 localities in the east of the country, in the states of Lower Austria, Styria, Vienna, and Burgenland. In Carinthia only echolocation records are known.
;Azerbaijan: The species was recorded around 2009.
;Belgium: The species was first recorded in 2011 and is now known from several localities in the provinces of Namur and Hainaut, including a swarming site at a cave in Rochefort. Acoustic evidence also suggests the presence of the species in the provinces of Liège and Luxembourg.
;Bosnia and Herzegovina: A specimen was caught in 2018 near Sarajevo.
;Bulgaria: The species is known from six localities in the south and west of the country; the first record dates from 2003. Habitats include river and mountain forests.Niermann et al., 2007, p. 363
;Croatia: In 2003, ''M. alcathoe'' was recorded here on the basis of two specimens;Croatian Natural History Museum, 2005, p. 2 three additional specimens were found in 2004.Pavlinić et al., 2012, p. 331
;Czech Republic: Here, the species was recorded at nine sites clustered in three regions, with the first record dating from 2001,Lučan et al., 2009, p. 64 in addition to records from roadkilled specimens at three further sites. The typical habitat was mature oak-hornbeam forest near water with dead, decaying trees, at altitudes ranging from . Both ''M. mystacinus'' and ''M. brandtii'' occur in some of the same places in this country.Lučan et al., 2009, p. 69 ''M. alcathoe'' has a limited, patchy distribution within the country, but reaches a high abundance in suitable habitat.
;France: ''M. alcathoe'' was informally recognized in France in 2000 as a small ''Myotis'' similar to ''M. mystacinus'', the "Murin cantalou"; in 2002, it was realized that this bat represents ''M. alcathoe''. A large number of sites are known, mostly in the north of the country. The species reaches altitudes of up to . It is usually found close to water, but it has been found in a variety of habitats, including farmlands, swamps, forests, and wooden grounds. In late summer and autumn, it occurs in caves.
;Germany: The species is known from two different areas in the country. In 2005 and 2006, specimens were caught in an old moist forest near the Rhine in western Baden-Württemberg. Two other bats were found in highway tunnels close to this site. The species is also known from the Kyffhäuser hill range of Thuringia in central Germany, an island of relatively warm habitat with some unusual wildlife. There, bats were caught near a spring in a karst landscape amid oak-dominated deciduous forest. The species was also recorded in deciduous forest at a former Soviet military training site in eastern Thuringia. ''M. alcathoe'' has also been recorded in the nearby states of Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony, where it occurs in mixed deciduous forest. Many Saxony-Anhalt records are from near water. However, the species was also recorded in the center of the city of Chemnitz in Saxony.
;Greece: The species has been recorded in the Pindus and Rhodopi Mountains of central and northern Greece. Here, ''M. alcathoe'' is usually found in stands of plane or alder trees next to small streams in ravines. The bat hunts close to the trees, within the stand. It is often found together with the lesser horseshoe bat and with ''M. mystacinus''.von Helversen et al., 2001, p. 221
;Hungary: ''M. alcathoe'' is not uncommon in the mountain forests of northeastern Hungary. It has been found at brooks and lakes in oak, beech, alder, and hornbeam (''Carpinetum'') forests at altitude. Both ''M. brandtii'' and ''M. mystacinus'' occur together with ''M. alcathoe'' there.Niermann et al., 2007, p. 364
;Italy: ''M. alcathoe'' has been recorded in beech forest in Majella National Park in the region of Abruzzo. Additional specimens of ''M. alcathoe'' have been identified in Italy using molecular methods. In December 2013 its presence has been confirmed in the protected area of Appennino Lucano National Park (Basilicata).ANSA News
/ref>Appennino Lucano National Park news

;Latvia: A small ''Myotis'' was captured at a cave in Latvia between 2007 and 2010; pending genetic testing, it is suspected to be ''M. alcathoe''. However, this record had not been confirmed in the subsequent national report to EUROBATS in 2014.
;Luxembourg: A single male was caught in 2011 and confirmed as ''M. alcathoe'' on the basis of genetic data. Elsewhere in the country it has been recorded on the basis of acoustic data.
;Montenegro: A female was captured in 2002 near Stabna. Both ''Myotis brandtii'' and '' M. mystacinus'' were recorded at the same place.
;Poland: The species was recorded in four caves in southern Poland in 2005 and 2006, and later at several other sites in the south of the country. It is known from above sea level, most often in beech forest (''Fagus sylvatica''), but also in several other forest types.
;Portugal: A single specimen at first thought to be ''Myotis mystacinus'' was discovered in 2005 at the Peneda-Gerês National Park. In 2020, a genetic analysis of that same specimen later revealed it was actually ''M. alcathoe''.
;Romania: A single ''M. alcathoe'' was captured in 2007 in a nature reserve in the eastern Carpathians; the reserve contains riverine and conifer forest. The species was additionally recorded in a forested valley containing a small stream in Alba County.Ohlendorf and Hoffmann, 2009, p. 112
;Russia: Bats collected in Krasnodar Krai on the Russian Black Sea cost from 2003 to 2009 were initially tentatively identified as ''Myotis'' cf. ''alcathoe'' by Russian biologist Suren Gazaryan. Later, genetic and morphological evidence confirmed that these specimens represent ''Myotis alcathoe'', but they were assigned to a new subspecies, ''Myotis alcathoe circassicus''. The subspecies may be more widely distributed in the Caucasus area, for example in North Ossetia and northeastern Turkey.
;Serbia: The species was reported on the basis of three specimens shortly before 2009, but is probably rare.
;Slovakia: Here, ''M. alcathoe'' was first reported from a single site in 2003, but by 2010 it was known from more than twenty sites in eastern Slovakia at altitudes ranging from , mostly in oak and beech forests.Danko et al., 2010, p. 77
;Slovenia: A single specimen was recorded in Slovenia in 2007, although it is not clear how many bats previously recorded as ''Myotis mystacinus'' belong to this species. Several additional specimens were later found in Kočevski Rog (SE Slovenia).
;Spain: In Catalonia, the species is known from six sites, ranging from sea level to altitude. It is known in beech and riverine forest and was first recorded in 2006. The species is known from three sites in La Rioja, where it was recorded in 2004, and occurs amidst beech and riverine forest at altitude. It has also been found at seven localities in Navarre, with the first record dating from 2004. There, it occurs in beech and oak forest at altitudes from . In Galicia, it is known from three localities at above sea level.Hermida et al., 2012, p. 15
;Sweden: The species was recorded at five sites in the south of the country, starting in 2008, on the basis of echolocation calls.
;Switzerland: ''M. alcathoe'' has been recorded from the Col du Marchairuz in the Jura Mountains (canton of Vaud). The species was acoustically detected in 2003 in the canton of Geneva, and subsequent captures led to the discovery of the first breeding sites for the country.
;Turkey: Eight individuals have been caught at three sites in close vicinity in the European part of the country in 2006. A parasitological study found three specimens in Bursa Province.
;Ukraine: In 2009, the possible occurrence of ''M. alcathoe'' in Ukraine was recorded. In 2011, the species was definitively recorded there on the basis of two bats caught in the far southwest of the country in 2009.
;United Kingdom: ''M. alcathoe'' has been recorded in England since 2003, and is known from two swarming sites in the south and a third site in the north of the country.Jan et al., 2010, p. 471 The northern England site, in Ryedale, is in a protected area with many old trees, and the southern sites (in Sussex) are in woodland.Jan et al., 2010, p. 476
Early records of ''Myotis ikonnikovi''—now known to be an eastern Asian species—from Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Romania may also pertain to this species. Because whiskered bats in many cases cannot easily be distinguished from each other without the use of genetic methods, some listings do not differentiate between them; records of ''M. alcathoe'' and/or ''M. mystacinus'' and/or (in some cases) ''M. brandtii'' have been reported from Bulgaria, Belgium, and Montenegro.

Ecology and behavior

''Myotis alcathoe'' is a rare species with narrow ecological requirements.Brinkmann and Niermann, 2007, p. 199 According to a study in the Czech Republic, the diet of ''Myotis alcathoe'' mostly consists of nematoceran flies, but caddisflies, spiders, small lepidopterans, and neuropterans are also taken.Lučan et al., 2009, p. 66 However, in eastern Slovakia moths were most common, though ants and nematocerans were also common prey items. The presence of spiders in the diet suggests that the species gleans prey from foliage. It forages mainly high in the canopy and over water,Lučan et al., 2009, p. 68 and is often found in dense vegetation.von Helversen, 2004, p. 1164 When caught, individuals of ''M. alcathoe'' are much calmer than ''M. mystacinus'' or ''M. brandtii''.

''M. alcathoe'' lives in small groups.Ohlendorf, 2009a, p. 46 In Greece, a maternity colony, containing three females and two juveniles, has been found in a plane tree. Additional roosts were found high in oak trees in Baden-Württemberg and Saxony-Anhalt.Ohlendorf and Funkel, 2008, p. 112 Twenty-seven roosting sites have been found in the Czech Republic, all but one in trees (the last was in a concrete pole). Most of the tree roosts were in oaks (''Quercus robur''); others were in limes (''Tilia cordata''), birches (''Betula pendula''), and various other species.Lučan et al., 2009, p. 65 Its strong preference for roosting sites in trees is unusual among European bats.Bashta et al., 2011, p. 4 Roosts tend to be located high in the canopy, and are often in old trees. In summer, roosts may contain large groups of up to 80 individuals, but autumn roosts in the Czech Republic are occupied by smaller groups.Lučan et al., 2009, p. 67 ''M. alcathoe'' swarms from late July to mid-September in southern Poland.Bogdanowicz et al., 2012, p. 7

In Saxony-Anhalt, the species forages deep in valleys when temperatures are above , but on warmer slopes or rocky areas when it is colder. There, ''M. alcathoe'' is relatively easy to capture in August, because ''M. brandtii'' and ''M. mystacinus'' already start swarming in late July. Although there are some records of ''M. alcathoe'' in caves during the winter, it is also possible that animals spend the winter in tree cavities, and whether swarming behavior occurs in ''M. alcathoe'' is unclear. An animal found in a cave in Saxony-Anhalt in January was not sleeping deeply.Ohlendorf, 2009b, p. 149 Reproduction may also take place in caves, but pregnant females have been found as late as June.Dietz et al., 2007, p. 234 Relatively many juveniles are caught between July and September.Ohlendorf and Funkel, 2008, p. 111 In England, one individual of ''M. alcathoe'' was captured in 2003 (and identified at the time as ''M. brandtii'') and again in 2009.Jan et al., 2010, p. 473 Three individuals that were telemetrically tracked (in eastern France, Thuringia, and Baden-Württemberg, respectively) moved only , , and from their night quarters; ''M. brandtii'' and ''M. mystacinus'' tend to move over longer distances. A study in Poland suggested frequent hybridization among ''M. alcathoe'', ''M. brandtii'', and ''M. mystacinus'' sharing the same swarming sites, probably attributable to male-biased sex ratios (1.7:1 in ''M. alcathoe''), a polygynous mating system, and the high number of bats at swarming sites.Bogdanowicz et al., 2012, p. 8 ''M. alcathoe'' showed a particularly high proportion of hybrids, perhaps because it occurs at lower densities than the other two species.

The following parasites have been recorded from ''Myotis alcathoe'':

* '' Babesia vesperuginis'', an apicomplexan blood parasite, in Romania
* Bat flies in the genus '' Basilia'':
** '' Basilia italica'' in Hungary and SlovakiaDanko et al., 2010, p. 84
** '' Basilia mongolensis nudior'' in Thuringia
* ''Cimex emarginatus'', a true bug, found on a bat tentatively identified as ''Myotis alcathoe'' from Bulgaria
* Ticks in the genus ''Ixodes'':
** '' Ixodes ariadnae'' in Hungary
** '' Ixodes simplex'' in Slovakia
** '' Ixodes vespertilionis'' in Romania and Slovakia
* '' Spinturnix mystacina'', a parasitic mite, in Switzerland and Slovakia. The mites on ''M. alcathoe'', ''M. brandtii'', and ''M. mystacinus'' are genetically closely related.
* Helminths, all in Turkey:
** '' Prosthodendrium ascidia''
** '' Lecithodendrium linstowi''
** '' Plagiorchis koreanus''
** ''Plagiorchis elegans''

Conservation status

Because ''Myotis alcathoe'' remains poorly known, it is assessed as "Data Deficient" on the IUCN Red List. However, it may be endangered because of its narrow ecological preferences. Reservoir construction may threaten the species' habitat in some places; two Greek sites where it has been recorded have already been destroyed. Forest loss is another possible threat, and the species may be restricted to undisturbed habitats.Dietz et al., 2007, p. 233 Because of its patchy distribution and likely small population, it probably does not easily colonize new habitats. The species is protected by national and international measures, but the IUCN Red List recommends further research on various aspects of the species as well as efforts to increase public awareness of the animal. In addition, old forests need to be conserved and the species' cave roosts need to be protected.Dietz et al., 2007, p. 235

In Catalonia, the species is listed as "Endangered" in view of its apparent rarity there. The Red List of Germany's Endangered Vertebrates lists ''M. alcathoe'' as "Critically Endangered" as of 2009. In the Genevan region, the species is also listed as "Critically Endangered" as of 2015. In Hungary, where the species is probably not uncommon in suitable habitat, it has been protected since 2005. However, the species is declining there and is threatened by habitat loss and disturbance of caves.Ministry of Rural Development, 2010, p. 1

References

Literature cited

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External links

Myotis alcathoe - Science for Nature Foundation

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Mouse-eared bats
Mammals of Europe
Mammals described in 2001