African-American Presidents Of The United States In Popular Culture

Before and after the election of Barack Obama as the first African American president of the United States in 2008, the idea of a black president has been explored by various writers in novels (including science fiction), movies and television, as well as other media. Numerous actors have portrayed a black president. Such portrayals have occurred in both serious works and comedies.

Effect of media depictions

As writers and directors cast blacks as president in several memorable portrayals, depictions of fictional black presidents may have accustomed Americans to accept a black man as president. Actor Dennis Haysbert who played a black president on the hit show 24, said the portrayal “may have opened the eyes, the minds and the hearts of people because the character was so well liked." The show also raised the issue of whether television series "like political trial ballons, can ready the populace for change."

After Barack Obama's election, the television show the ''Cosby Show'' was cited for what has been termed the “Huxtable effect” for the influence of its "warmhearted" portrayal, "free of street conflicts and ghetto stereotypes - that broke ground for its depiction of an upwardly mobile black family." The show has even been cited by some observers as a factor in Obama's victory.

Novels

In 1964 Irving Wallace published '' The Man'', a popular novel addressing the idea of a black president, named Douglass Dilman in the book. Recently a critic described it as a window into " Kennedy-era racial pathologies", despite the author's liberal attitude. It included the portrayal of attractive multiracial or "mulatto" women who could pass for white, as does the hero Dilman's own light-skinned daughter. ''The Man''—which was made into a 1972 movie starring James Earl Jones as Dilman—noted factors against a black president being elected in America, and Dilman's coming to power through an unlikely series of circumstances of succession.

Other novels featuring a first black president include Philip K. Dick's ''The Crack in Space'' (1966), T. Ernesto Bethancourt's young adult novel '' The Tomorrow Connection'' (1984) and T.D. Walters' self-published thriller ''The Race'' (2007).

Stand-up comedy

After civil rights and voting rights legislation was passed in 1964 and 1965, the move of blacks into full political participation began. Portrayals of blacks as president began to appear in comedians' routines. In the early years of his career in the 1960s, comedian Bill Cosby frequently told jokes along racial lines, including one about an imaginary first black president. He stopped when he decided to reach a wider audience.

In 1983 at age 22, Eddie Murphy (who was born the same year as Obama) enacted a parody of a black president in one of his stand-up routines, ''Eddie Murphy Delirious'', filmed in Washington, D.C.

Movies and television

Writers and directors have featured a black man as president in several memorable portrayals. There have been film and television proposals based on the idea, as well.
The first movie portrayal of a black American president was probably that of Sammy Davis Jr. in the 1933 film ''Rufus Jones for President''. In this short musical comedy, the 7-year-old Davis is told by his mother, portrayed by Ethel Waters, that "anyone can become president, and later dreams of his own inauguration". Outside the dreams, the film reflects contemporary racist attitudes.

The 1941 musical movie ''Babes on Broadway'' included Judy Garland in black male drag singing a song "Franklin Delano Jones", about the first black president of the United States.

"When Rod Serling adapted Irving Wallace's " The Man" to the screen in 1972—it was a joint production of Paramount Pictures and ABC Circle Films, originally intended to air on ABC's made-for-television ''Movie of the Week'' series, but the network chose not to air it, prompting Paramount to release the film to theaters instead—the political climate had changed sufficiently that he could promote Douglass Dilman from survivor to competitor—a genuine leader who, after standing up to his white rivals, vows to win the presidency through "legitimate" electoral means." With James Earl Jones starring in 1972, the film version had a heroic black man as president, who ended the film in a position of moral authority.

In 1977 comedian Richard Pryor portrayed the first black president of the United States in a skit on ''The Richard Pryor Show'', his short-lived foray on NBC television.

Lizzie Borden's 1983 science fiction film ''Born in Flames'' about a radical feminist insurgency, set in an alternative United States Socialist Democracy, features a black president.

The 1987 animated series ''Spiral Zone'' is the first television show in history to show a serious depiction of an African-American president of the United States in the episod
The "Imposter"

In the 1993 science-fiction series ''SeaQuest DSV'', the unnamed president of the United States featured in the first season episode "Better Than Martians" is portrayed by African-American actor Steven Williams.

In the 1997 science-fiction film ''The Fifth Element'', character actor Tom Lister, Jr. played President Lindberg, the commander-in-chief of not just the United States of America but the planet Earth. His competence to lead is not questioned due to his race. In fact, his skin color is never mentioned.

A generation after ''The Man'', the 1998 science fiction film '' Deep Impact'' featured black actor Morgan Freeman as president Tom Beck. Critic Louis Bayard noticed that Dennis Haysbert seemed to adopt Freeman's cadences for his own role as president.

In the hit show '' 24'', a television precedent was set when Dennis Haysbert portrayed a lead character, David Palmer, and successful president who fought terrorism. Critic Charles Taylor described him as showing "the determination of magnetism, brains, resolve, compassion and willingness to make tough calls we dream of in a president." After the show portrayed the assassination of Palmer, his brother Wayne, played by D.B. Woodside, was also elected president. The ''Jerusalem Post'' speculated in June 2008 that television ratings "may have predicted Obama's primary victory over Hillary Clinton, as the most recent female television president appears to have been less popular than the black leaders of 24."

In 2000, Chris Tucker planned on writing, directing, producing and starring in a movie about the first black president of the United States.

Chris Rock wrote, directed, and starred as presidential candidate Mays Gilliam in the 2003 comedy ''Head of State'', described as "undernourished." The movie's tagline was "The only thing white is the house". Another critic described Rock as in way over his head, and found it "depressing to see Rock pander to the most reactionary elements of the black audience." He also was surprised at some of the settings. "Rock doesn't seem to know much about contemporary America; when his character travels to Memphis (a majority-black city with a black mayor) we see only white people."

In 2004, a sketch on Chappelle's Show called "Black Bush" featured Dave Chappelle as an African-American "interpretation" of then President George W. Bush and his administration. It was controversial due to its set-up segment (which had Chappelle mocking fellow comedian Dennis Miller over the comedian's infamous "free pass" comment regarding not saying anything bad about George W. Bush) and its overall theme that if Bush and his top aides were black, that the public would be more willing to be critical of the president and his decisions. The sketch also features cameo appearances by actor Jamie Foxx, who appears as "Black Tony Blair" and Mos Def as "Black Head of the CIA" holding "Yellowcake from Africa" ( Anthony Berry's character warns the other not to "drop that shit", though it is clearly just yellow cake).

In CBS's 2004 TV series ''Century Citys fictional timeline, Oprah Winfrey is the US president.

Louis Gossett Jr. played the president in two different movies in 2005 — in the Christian movie Left Behind: World at War he played President Gerald Fitzhugh and in the direct-to-DVD Solar Attack he played President Ryan Gordon.

Mike Judge's 2006 ''Idiocracy'' featured President Dwayne Elizondo Mountain Dew Herbert Camacho as a former porn star and champion wrestler played by erstwhile NFL defensive end Terry Alan Crews. Critic Bayard thought it odd that the lead character seemed so little advanced from earlier 20th century caricatures. The "joke is essentially unchanged from the days of Rufus Jones: These are the last guys in the world -- or any world -- you'd want to vote for."

A 2006 BBC Four adaptation of John Wyndham's short story ''Random Quest'' depicts the main character being sucked into an alternate reality in which Condoleezza Rice is president of the United States.

In ABC's 2008 series ''Life on Mars'' (a remake of BBC
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