Adolfo Kaminsky

Adolfo Kaminsky (or Adolphe; born 1 October 1925) was active in the French Resistance, specializing in the forgery of identity documents. During World War II, he forged papers that saved the lives of more than 14,000 Jews. He later went on to assist Jewish immigration to the British Mandate for Palestine and then to forge identity documents for the National Liberation Front and French draft dodgers during the Algerian War (1954–62). He forged papers for thirty years for different activist groups, mainly national liberation fronts, without ever claiming payment for it.

Early life

Kaminsky was born in Argentina to a Jewish Russian family. In 1932, when Kaminsky was seven years old, he moved with his family to Paris, where his father worked as a tailor. From Paris, the family moved in 1938 to Vire, Calvados, where his uncle was established."Mon activité de faussaire : j'ai tout appris à Vire"
''Ouest France'', 28 October 2009 Adolfo worked in a dye shop and became fascinated by the chemistry of colourants. He bought at that time a treatise by Marcellin Berthelot at a flea market. He later created his own lab in his uncle's house and worked in a butter-shop as an assistant to a chemist who taught him the basics.

World War II

In 1940, after the German invasion of France, the family house in Vire was taken by the Germans and Kaminsky temporarily lived in another house, in which Michel Drucker's father was also hosted. His mother was killed by the Nazis in 1941. Aged 17, Adolfo Kaminsky entered the Resistance. At first he watched the railway station at Vire from where railcars of the Todt Organization, loaded with material for the Atlantic Wall, transited. He sent messages to London about these trains. However, in 1943 his family was interned in the camp of Drancy, as a prelude to deportation. Thanks to support from the Consul of Argentina, which had broken diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany under pressure from the United States, they were freed on 22 December 1943,Adolfo Kaminsky, le faussaire au grand coeur
''Ouest France'', 28 October 2009 and moved on to Paris.

Adolfo then worked in an underground laboratory in Paris (17, rue des St Pères) where he spent the rest of World War II forging identity papers for Jews and people sought by the Nazis. He was introduced to the network, the Resistance group, while researching a false ID for his father. This group, made up of Jewish people from the General Jewish Union (including Marc Hamon, alias "the Pingouin", Suzie, Loutre, René, etc.) and called ''La Sixième'', was having problems removing Waterman blue ink stains from papers. Adolfo suggested they use lactic acid, and thereafter joined the group, finally becoming responsible for the chemical forgery lab. They notably had to respond to the challenge of the invention of the watermark. Kaminsky also quickly learned photogravure under a false pretext, and set up a new lab in order to create "real-false" documents. The Kaminsky Lab became the main producer of false IDs for northern France and Benelux, although ties with other clandestine groups were discontinued, each group working as a cell.

He used to say: "Keep awake. The longer possible. Struggle against sleep. The calculation is easy. In one hour, I make 30 false papers. If I sleep one hour, 30 people will die." Over the course of the war, Kaminsky created documents that saved the lives of 14,000 Jews.

After the Liberation of Paris in August 1944, he joined the French Army and marched to Germany. He was awarded the Médaille de la Résistance, and was engaged by the French military secret services, who entrusted him with making false IDs for spies sent behind the lines in order to investigate and detect the location of concentration camps before their dismantlement by the Nazis.

Post-war

After the German capitulation, he helped forge documents for Jews attempting to immigrate to the British Mandate for Palestine from 1946 to 1948, in defiance of British immigration restrictions (see also ''Bricha''). He also assisted operatives from the anti-British militant groups Irgun and Lehi as they waged a violent campaign against the British. After the foundation of Israel, he stopped doing this job, refusing to support a "religious state", endorsed by the secular-religious status quo and giving an important role to the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and became a photographer.

He resigned from the French military at the beginning of the First Indochina War, unwilling to collaborate in a colonial war. He thereafter continued to forge papers for various groups, working first with the National Liberation Front of Algeria and French draft dodgers by setting up a clandestine lab in Paris. He collaborated with the Jeanson network and Henri Curiel during the Algerian War. In 1962 he produced a cubic meter of 100 Franc notes (estimated value 100 million Francs) to help the FLN fight by destabilising the French currency and thus the economy. When the cease-fire was declared in March 1962, the notes were burnt in a huge bonfire. "It never entered our heads to keep the notes. Money always leads to problems."

Starting in 1963, he assisted various leftist movements from Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Perú, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico, Saint-Domingue, Haiti); Africa (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, South Africa) and from Portugal (then under Salazar's dictatorship) and Francoist Spain. He trained a lot of people in forgery in order to support them in their respective fight. He always worked for free, in order to be able to refuse a job if he didn't support the ideas - the only exception being during World War II, when the lab took up all his expenses in order to make him able to dedicate himself full-time to this job.

He also supported the Greeks struggling against the regime of the Colonels, and made false ID papers for American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War. In 1968, he also made a false ID for Daniel Cohn-Bendit to allow him to speak at a meeting - he would later on say: "''It was certainly the least useful, but a way of showing that there is nothing more porous than a border and that ideas don't know them''".

He made his last false ID in 1971. He gave up his forgery career after he was asked to forge South African passports for anti-apartheid guerrillas in South Africa, but soon realized it was an entrapment operation to incriminate him. He never found out who it was that tried to incriminate him, though it has been speculated that the secret police of the apartheid regime was behind it.

He subsequently lived for ten years in Algiers, married to a Tuareg woman, with whom he had five children, including well-known hip-hop singer Rocé.

In 1982, he moved to France with a temporary residence permit. All his family was naturalized French in 1992.

Awards

Adolfo Kaminsky has been awarded with the Croix du Combattant, the Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance, and recently the ''Médaille de Vermeil de la ville de Paris'' for his acts during the Resistance.

In the media

Jacques Falck has made a documentary film about his life, ''Forging Identity''. His daughter Sarah, born in 1979, is an actress and writer who wrote a biography of her father, ''Adolfo Kaminsky, une vie de faussaire'' (Paris: Calmann-Lévy

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