Accademia dei Lincei

The Accademia dei Lincei (; literally the "

Academy

of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in

Rome

, Italy.

Founded in the Papal States in 1603 by

Federico Cesi

, the academy was named after the

lynx

, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess that science requires.

Galileo Galilei

was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. "The Lincei did not long survive the death in 1630 of Cesi, its founder and patron", and "disappeared in 1651".

During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Vatican and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the Pontifical Academy of Science, founded in 1847, claims this heritage as the ''Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes")'', descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns.

The ''Accademia''

The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by

Federico Cesi

, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from

Rome

) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly

botany

. Cesi's father disapproved of the research career that Federico was pursuing. His mother, Olimpia Orsini, supported him both financially and morally. The Academy struggled due to this disapproval, but after the death of Frederico's father he had enough money to allow the academy to flourish. The academy, hosted in Palazzo Cesi-Armellini near Saint Peter, replaced the first scientific community ever,

Giambattista della Porta

's ''Academia Secretorum Naturae'' in Naples that had been closed by the

Inquisition

. Cesi founded the Accademia dei Lincei with three friends: the Dutch physician Johannes van Heeck (italianized to Giovanni Ecchio) and two fellow Umbrians, mathematician

Francesco Stelluti

and polymath Anastasio de Filiis. At the time of the Accademia's founding Cesi was only 18, and the others only 8 years older. Cesi and his friends aimed to understand all of the natural sciences. The literary and antiquarian emphasis set the "Lincei" apart from the host of sixteenth and seventeenth century Italian Academies. Cesi envisioned a program of free

experiment

that was respectful of tradition, yet unfettered by blind obedience to

authority

, even that of

Aristotle

and Ptolemy, whose theories the new science called into question. While originally a private association, the Academy became a semi-public establishment during the Napoleonic domination of Rome. This shift allowed local scientific elite to carve out a place for themselves in larger scientific networks. However, as a semi-public establishment, the Academy's focus was directed by Napoleonic politics. This focus directed the member's efforts towards stimulating industry, turning public opinion in favor of the French regime and secularizing the country.

The name "Lincei" 'the

lynx

-like (i. e., lynx-eyed, sharp-eyed) ones' came from

Giambattista della Porta

's book ''Magia Naturalis'', which had an illustration of the fabled cat on the cover and the words " ..with lynx-like eyes, examining those things which manifest themselves, so that having observed them, he may zealously use them".''Della Porta's Life – From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist'' by Louise George Clubb – Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
/ref> Accademia dei Lincei's symbols were both a lynx and an

eagle

; animals with, or reputed to have, keen sight (in classical and medieval bestiaries the lynx was reputed to be able to see through rock and "new walls"). The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "Take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (''minima cura si maxima vis''). According to

T. O'Conor Sloane

, their other motto was ''Sagacius ista''. When Cesi visited

Naples

, he met with many scientists in fields of interest to him including the botanist, Fabio Colonna, the natural history writer, Ferrante Imperato, and the

polymath

della Porta. Della Porta was impressed with Cesi, and dedicated three works to the Linceans including a treatise on distillation called ''De Distillatione'', a book on curvilinear geometry called ''Elementa Curvilinea'', and ''The Transformations of the Atmosphere''.David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002. Della Porta encouraged Cesi to continue with his endeavours. Giambattista della Porta joined Cesi's academy in 1610. While in Naples, Cesi also met with Nardo Antonio Recchi to negotiate the acquisition of a collection of material describing Aztec plants and animals written by Francisco Hernández de Toledo. This collection of material would eventually become the ''Tesoro Messicano'' (''Mexican Treasury'').

The goal was nothing less than the assembly of modern science reflected on the method of observation: the church of knowledge. The Academy was to possess in each quarter of the global

communes

with adequate endowments to retain membership. These communes were complete with

libraries

, laboratories, museums,

printing presses

, and

botanical gardens

. Members frequently wrote letters around their observations. The Lyncæis denounced

marriage

as a ''mollis'' and ''effeminata requies''. Membership was banned to

monks

. Members were ordered to "penetrate into the interior of things in order to know the causes and operations of nature, as it is said the lynx does, which sees not only what is outside, but what is hidden within."

Galileo

was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611, and became its intellectual center. Galileo clearly felt honoured by his association with the Academy for he adopted ''Galileo Galilei Linceo'' as his signature. The Academy published his works and supported him during his disputes with the Roman Inquisition. Among the Academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were Galileo's "Letters on Sunspots" and "The Assayer", and the ''Tesoro Messicano'' describing the flora, fauna and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labor, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. The new usage of microscopy, with "references to magnification tools can be found in the works of Galileo and several Lincei, Harvey, Gassendi, Marco Aurelio Severino—who was probably also in contact with the Lincie—and Nathanial Highmore." Domenico Bertoloni Meli, in Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Johns Hopkins University Press: 2011; p. 41). Microscopes were not just by the Lincei for astronomical and mathematical work, but were also used for new experimentations in anatomy, as this was the time of the rise of mechanistic anatomy, and the theories of atomism. Experimentation proliferated across the board. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630 at forty-five.

The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs, or drawings made with the help of the newly invented

microscope

. After Cesi's death, the Accademia dei Lincei closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, whose heirs sold them. The majority of the collection was procured by

George III of the United Kingdom

, in 1763. The drawings were discovered in

Windsor Castle

in 1986, by art historian David Freedberg. They are being published as part of ''The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo''.

Members

* Luc Brisson — Canadian-French historian of philosophy and Platonic scholar
*

Federico Cesi

– founder
*

Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli

– archaeologist – first female member
* Giovanni Demisiani – Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "''telescope''"
* Anastasio de Filiis – polymath
* Johannes van Heeck – Dutch physician
*

Giambattista della Porta

– Italian scholar, polymath and playwright
*

Adam Elsheimer

– German artist
* Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "''microscope''"
*

Galileo Galilei

– Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher
* Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath
*

Francesco Stelluti

– mathematician
* Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor
* Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician
*

Giovanni Ciampoli

– poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII
* Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII

The Accademia is re-founded

In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the ''Accademia Caetani'' which took the name of ''Accademia dei Lincei''. The period from 1801-1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the Academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia, the institution saw a transition from a private association to a municipal institution. Despite efforts from the early 1800s onward, the Accademia underwent a true revival in 1847, when

Pope Pius IX

re-founded it as the Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei.

The ''Reale Accademia dei Lincei''

In 1874,

Quintino Sella

turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, the Royal National Lincean Academy. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy.
After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese

Quintino Sella

infused new life into the '' Nuovi Lincei,'' reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of ''Soci'' (Fellows).

Members

*

Mario Ageno

*

Giusto Bellavitis

*

Domenico Comparetti

* Benedetto Croce
*

Albert Einstein

*

Enrico Fermi

*

Edward Augustus Freeman

*

Giovanni Gentile

*

William Ewart Gladstone

*

Otto Hahn

* Werner Heisenberg
*

Theodor Mommsen

* Antonio Pacinotti
*

Louis Pasteur

*

Max Planck

* Olinto De Pretto
* George Rawlinson
*

Augusto Righi

*

Wilhelm Roentgen

* Manlio Simonetti
*

Herbert Spencer

*

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff

The ''Accademia d'Italia''

:''see main article Royal Academy of Italy

During the

fascist

period the Lincean Academy was effectively replaced by the new Accademia d'Italia, the Italian Academy, but was not fully absorbed by that institution until 1939.Fascist Italy, John Whittam, page 84 In 1949, after the fall of the fascist regime, at the suggestion of Benedetto Croce the Lincean Academy recovered its independence. A brief history of this period of the Accademia, as well as the complete inventory of publications and documents produced in the same period, can be found in the book by .

The ''Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei''

In 1986, the Academy was placed under a statute that says it shall be composed of 540 members, of whom 180 are ordinary Italian members, 180 are foreigners, and 180 are Italian corresponding members.
The members are divided into two classes: one for mathematical,

physical

, and natural sciences; the other for moral,

historical

, and philological sciences.

In 2001, the natural sciences were re-divided into five categories: mathematics,

mechanics

and applications; astronomy, geodesy,

geophysics

and applications; physics,

chemistry

and applications;

geology

, paleontology,

mineralogy

and applications; and

biological sciences

and applications. At the same time, the moral sciences were divided into seven categories: philology and

linguistics

;

archeology

; criticism of

art

and of

poetry

; history, historical geography, and anthropology;

philosophical science

; juridical science;

social

and political science.

Notes

References

* This article draws material from the :it:Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, corresponding article in the Italian Wikipedia, retrieved 09:12, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
* (in Italian language, Italian), freely available from th
Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali – Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari – Direzione Generale per gli Archivi
(a branch of the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali). The complete inventory of the Reale Accademia d'Italia, which incorporated the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei between 1939 and 1944.
*
*, available at
Connexions
'.
*Walton, S.A., ''Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition'', 2001, ''Annals of Science'', 2001 Oct;58(4):357-79
PDF on Academia.edu
*David Freedberg, ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History'', Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002.
*

T. O'Conor Sloane

. ''Facts Worth Knowing Selected Mainly from the Scientific American for Household, Workshop, and Farm Embracing Practical and Useful Information for Every Branch of Industry''. Hartford: S. S. Scranton and Co. 1895.

External links

Official website, with brief history (in Italian).Official website in English
*
*[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/Default.aspx The British Library's database of Italian Academies]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Accademia Dei Lincei
Scientific organisations based in Italy
Members of the Lincean Academy, 01
National academies of sciences, Italy
Organisations based in Rome
17th century in Rome
Learned societies of Italy
Scientific organizations established in 1603
1603 establishments in the Papal States
1603 establishments in Italy