Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust
*C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook *C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby *C3 — Crust: Greenwood *C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor) *C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke) *C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver) *U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor) *U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)Urban soils
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (Sea water
*W1 — CRC Handbook *W2 — Kaye & Laby Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)Sun and solar system
*S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby *Y1 — Solar system: Kaye & Laby *Y2 — Solar system: Ahrens, with uncertainty s (%) Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.See also
*Notes
Due to the estimate nature of these values, no single recommendations are given. All values are normalized for these tables. Underlined zeroes indicate figures of indeterminable significance that were present in the source notation.References
CRC Handbook
From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide (ed.), '' CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition''. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea: :*R.S. Carmichael (ed.), ''CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals'', CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1989). :*I. Bodek ''et al.'', ''Environmental Inorganic Chemistry'', Pergamon Press, New York, (1988). :*A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, ''Earth's Crust Geochemistry'', in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R.W. Fairbridge (ed.), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969). :Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given. Concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.Kaye & Laby
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby ''Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants'' (2005)Greenwood
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, ''Chemistry of the Elements'', 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997). Appendix 4, Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks. :From this source with some modifications and additions of later data: :*W.S. Fyfe, ''Geochemistry'', Oxford University Press, (1974). :Further referring to: :*C.K. Jorgensen, ''Comments Astrophys.'' 17, 49–101 (1993). :Values are subject to various geological assumptions but assumed acceptable as an indication of elemental abundance in crustal rocks (C3).Ahrens
:Bulk continental crust (C4) and upper continental crust (U1) from: :*S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan, ''The continental crust: Its composition and evolution'', Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, 330 pp. (1985). :Upper continental crust (U2) from: :*D.M. Shaw, J. Dostal, R.R. Keays, ''Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada'', Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 73–83, (1976). :Bulk continental crust (C5) from: :*H. Wänke, G. Dreibus, E. Jagoutz, ''Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth'', in Archean Geochemistry, A. Kröner, G.N. Hanson, A.M. Goodwin (eds.), pp. l-24, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1984). :Bulk continental crust (C6) from: :*B.L. Weaver, J. Tamey, ''Major and trace element composition of the continental lithosphere'', in ''Physics and Chemistry of the Earth'', 15, H.N. Pollack, V.R. Murthy (eds.) pp. 39–68, Pergamon, Oxford, (1984). :Solar system (Y2) from: :*Urban soils
:*Alekseenko V.A., Alekseenko A.V. (2013) ''Chemical elements in geochemical systems. The abundances in urban soils''. Publishing House of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don (388 pp., in Russian with English Abstract). :*Vladimir Alekseenko, Alexey Alekseenko (2014) ''The abundances of chemical elements in urban soils''. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. No. 147 (B). pp. 245–249. {{Navbox periodic table Properties of chemical elements Chemical element data pages