The ''Aberdeen Bestiary'' (

Aberdeen University , mottoeng = The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom , established = , type = Public research universityAncient university , endowment = £58.4 million (2021) , budget ...

Library, Univ Lib. MS 24) is a 12th-century

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

illuminated manuscript

bestiary A bestiary (from ''bestiarum vocabulum'') is a compendium of beasts. Originating in the ancient world, bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks. The natural history ...

that was first listed in 1542 in the inventory of the

Old Royal Library The Royal manuscripts are one of the "closed collections" of the British Library (i.e. historic collections to which new material is no longer added), consisting of some 2,000 manuscripts collected by the sovereigns of England in the "Old Royal ...

at the Palace of Westminster. Due to similarities, it is often considered to be the "sister" manuscript of the

Ashmole Bestiary The ''Ashmole Bestiary'' (Bodleian Library MS. Ashmole 1511) is a late 12th or early 13th century English illuminated manuscript Bestiary containing a creation story and detailed allegorical descriptions of over 100 animals. Rich colour miniature ...

. The connection between the ancient Greek didactic text ''Physiologus'' and similar bestiary manuscripts is also often noted. Information about the manuscript's origins and patrons are circumstantial, although the manuscript most likely originated from the 13th century and was owned by a wealthy ecclesiastical patron from north or south England. Currently, the Aberdeen Bestiary resides in the Aberdeen University Library in

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...

History

The Aberdeen Bestiary and the

are considered by Xenia Muratova, a professor of art history, to be "the work of different artists belonging to the same artistic milieu." Due to their "striking similarities" they are often compared and described by scholars as being "sister manuscripts." The

medievalist The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vo ...

scholar

M. R. James Montague Rhodes James (1 August 1862 – 12 June 1936) was an English author, medievalist scholar and provost of King's College, Cambridge (1905–1918), and of Eton College (1918–1936). He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambrid ...

considered the Aberdeen Bestiary ''a replica of Ashmole 1511" a view echoed by many other art historians.

Provenance

The original patron of both the Aberdeen and Ashmole Bestiary was considered to be a high-ranking member of society such as a prince, king or another high ranking church official or monastery. However, since the section related to monastery life that was commonly depicted within the Aviarium manuscript was missing the original patron remains uncertain but it appears less likely to be a church member. The Aberdeen Bestiary was kept in Church and monastic settings for a majority of its history. However at some point it entered into the English royal collections library. The royal Westminster Library shelf stamp of King Henry the VIII is stamped on the side of the bestiary. How King Henry acquired the manuscript remains unknown although it was probably taken from a monastery. The manuscript appears to have been well-read by the family based on the amount of reading wear on the edges of the pages. Around the time King James of Scotland became the King of England the bestiary was passed along to the

Marischal College Marischal College ( ) is a large granite building on Broad Street in the centre of Aberdeen in north-east Scotland, and since 2011 has acted as the headquarters of Aberdeen City Council. However, the building was constructed for and is on long- ...

, Aberdeen. The manuscript is in fragmented condition as many illuminations on folios were removed individually as miniatures likely not for monetary but possibly for personal reasons. The manuscript currently is in the Aberdeen Library in

where it has remained since 1542.

Description

Materials

The Aberdeen bestiary is a gilded decorated manuscript featuring large miniatures and some of the finest pigment, parchment and gold leaf from its time. Some portions of the manuscript such as

folio The term "folio" (), has three interconnected but distinct meanings in the world of books and printing: first, it is a term for a common method of arranging sheets of paper into book form, folding the sheet only once, and a term for a book ma ...

eight recto even feature

tarnish Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, aluminum, magnesium, neodymium and other similar metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction. Tarnish does not always result from the sole effects of oxygen in ...

ed silver leaf. The original patron was wealthy enough to afford such materials so that the artists and scribes could enjoy creative freedom while creating the manuscripts. The artists were professionally trained and experimented with new techniques - such as heavy washes mixed with light washes and dark thick lines and use of contrasting color. The aqua color that is in the Aberdeen Bestiary is not present in the Ashmole Bestiary. The Aberdeen manuscript is loaded with filigree flora design and ''champie'' style gold leaf initials.

Canterbury Canterbury (, ) is a cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, situated in the heart of the City of Canterbury local government district of Kent, England. It lies on the River Stour. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primate of ...

is considered to be the original location of manufacture as the location was well known for manufacturing high-end luxury books during the thirteen century. Its similarities with the Canterbury

Paris Psalter The Paris Psalter (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. gr. 139) is a Byzantine illuminated manuscript, 38 x 26.5 cm in size, containing 449 folios and 14 full-page miniatures. The Paris Psalter is considered a key monument of the so-called Mace ...

tree style also further draws evidence of this relation.

Style

The craftsmanship of both Ashmole and Aberdeen bestiary suggest similar artists and scribes. Both the Ashmole and Aberdeen bestiary were probably made within 10 years of each other due to their stylistic and material similarities and the fact that both are crafted with the finest materials of their time. Stylistically both manuscripts are very similar but the Aberdeen has figures that are both more voluminous and less energetic than those of the Ashmole Bestiary. The color usage has been suggested as potentially Biblical in meaning as color usage had different interpretations in the early 13th century. The overall style of the human figures as well as color usage is very reminiscent of Roman mosaic art especially with the attention to detail in the drapery. Circles and ovals semi-realistically depict highlights throughout the manuscript. The way that animals are shaded in a Romanesque fashion with the use of bands to depict volume and form, which is similar to an earlier 12th-century

Bury Bible The Bury Bible is a giant illustrated Bible written at Bury Saint Edmunds in Suffolk, England between 1121 and 1148, and illuminated by an artist known as Master Hugo. Since 1575 it has been in the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, ...

made at Bury St.Edmunds. This Bestiary also shows stylistic similarities with the

s of

. The Aviary section is similar to the Aviariium which is a well-known 12th century

monastic Monasticism (from Ancient Greek , , from , , 'alone'), also referred to as monachism, or monkhood, is a religion, religious way of life in which one renounces world (theology), worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work. Monastic ...

text. The deviation from traditional color usage can be seen in the tiger, satyr, and unicorn folios as well as many other folios. The

satyr In Greek mythology, a satyr ( grc-gre, σάτυρος, sátyros, ), also known as a silenus or ''silenos'' ( grc-gre, σειληνός ), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exa ...

in the Aberdeen Bestiary when compared to the satyr section of the slightly older Worksop bestiary is almost identical. There are small color notes in the Aberdeen Bestiary that are often seen in similar manuscripts dating between 1175 and 1250 which help indicate that it was made near the year 1200 or 1210. These notes are similar to many other side notes written on the sides of pages throughout the manuscript and were probably by the painter to remind himself of special circumstances, these note occur irregularly throughout the text.

Illuminations

Folio page 1 to 3 recto depicts the Genesis 1:1-25 which is represented with a large full page illumination Biblical Creation scene in the manuscript. Folio 5 recto shows Adam, a large figure surrounded by gold leaf and towering over others, with the theme of 'Adam naming the animals' - this starts the compilation of the bestiary portion within the manuscript. Folio 5 verso depicts

quadrupeds Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where four limbs are used to bear weight and move around. An animal or machine that usually maintains a four-legged posture and moves using all four limbs is said to be a quadruped (from Latin ''quattuor' ...

livestock Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animal ...

, wild beasts, and the concept of the herd. Folio 7 to 18 recto depicts large cats and other beasts such as

wolves The wolf (''Canis lupus''; : wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly un ...

, foxes and

dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

s. Many pages from the start of the manuscript's bestiary section such as 11 verso featuring a hyena shows small pin holes which were likely used to map out and copy artwork to a new manuscript. Folio 20 verso to 28 recto depicts livestock such as

sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus '' Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated ...

horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million yea ...

s, and

goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...

s. Small animals like

cat The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...

s and mice are depicted on folio 24 to 25. Pages 25 recto to 63 recto feature depictions of

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s and folio 64 recto to 80 recto depicts reptiles,

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete wo ...

s and

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...

. 77 recto to 91 verso depicts

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s and

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclu ...

s and other elements of nature such as the nature of

man A man is an adult male human. Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy (a male child or adolescent). Like most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromo ...

. The end folios of the manuscript from 93 recto to 100 recto depicts the nature of stones and rocks.

Seventeen of the Aberdeen manuscript pages are pricked for transfer in a process called pouncing such as clearly seen in the hyena folio as well as folio 3 recto and 3 verso depicting Genesis 1:26-1:28, 31, 1:1-2. The pricking must have been done shortly after the creation of the Adam and Eve folio pages since there is not damage done to nearby pages. Other pages used for pouncing include folio 7 recto to 18 verso which is the beginning of the beasts portion of the manuscript and likely depicted a lions as well as other big cats such as leopards,

panthers Panther may refer to: Large cats *Pantherinae, the cat subfamily that contains the genera ''Panthera'' and ''Neofelis'' **''Panthera'', the cat genus that contains tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards. ***Jaguar (''Panthera onca''), found in Sout ...

and their characteristic as well as other large wild and domesticated beasts.

Missing Folios

On folio 6 recto there was likely intended to be a depiction of a lion as in the Ashmole bestiary, but in this instance the pages were left blank although there are markings of margin lines. In comparison to the Ashmole bestiary, on 9 verso some leaves are missing which should have likely contained imagery of the antelope (''Antalops''),

unicorn The unicorn is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a single large, pointed, spiraling horn projecting from its forehead. In European literature and art, the unicorn has for the last thousand years o ...

(''Unicornis''), lynx (''Lynx''), griffin (''Gryps''), part of

elephant Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae ...

(''Elephans''). Near folio 21 verso two illuminations of the ox (''Bos''), camel (''Camelus''),

dromedary The dromedary (''Camelus dromedarius'' or ;), also known as the dromedary camel, Arabian camel, or one-humped camel, is a large even-toed ungulate, of the genus ''Camelus'', with one hump on its back. It is the tallest of the three species of ...

(''Dromedarius''), ass (''Asinus''),

onager The onager (; ''Equus hemionus'' ), A new species called the kiang (''E. kiang''), a Tibetan relative, was previously considered to be a subspecies of the onager as ''E. hemionus kiang'', but recent molecular studies indicate it to be a distinct ...

(''Onager'') and part of

(''Equus'') are also assumed to be missing. Also missing from folio 15 recto on are some leaves which should have contained crocodile (''Crocodilus''), manticore (''Mantichora'') and part of parandrus (''Parandrus''). These missing folios are assumed from comparisons between the Ashmole and other related bestiaries.

* Folio 1

recto ' is the "right" or "front" side and ''verso'' is the "left" or "back" side when text is written or printed on a leaf of paper () in a bound item such as a codex, book, broadsheet, or pamphlet. Etymology The terms are shortened from Latin ...

: Creation of heaven and

earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...

('' Genesis,'' 1: 1–5). (Full page) * Folio 1

verso ' is the "right" or "front" side and ''verso'' is the "left" or "back" side when text is written or printed on a leaf of paper () in a bound item such as a codex, book, broadsheet, or pamphlet. Etymology The terms are shortened from Latin ...

: Creation of the

water Water (chemical formula ) is an Inorganic compound, inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living ...

s and the

firmament In biblical cosmology, the firmament is the vast solid dome created by God during his creation of the world to divide the primal sea into upper and lower portions so that the dry land could appear. The concept was adopted into the subsequent ...

(''Genesis,'' 1: 6–8) * Folio 2 recto : Creation of the

s and

es (''Genesis,'' 1: 20–23) * Folio 2 verso : Creation of the

animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

s (''Genesis,'' 1: 24–25) * Folio 3 recto : Creation of

(''Genesis,'' 1: 26–28, 31; 2: 1–2) * Folio 5 recto : Adam names the

s ( Isidore of Seville, ''

Etymologiae ''Etymologiae'' (Latin for "The Etymologies"), also known as the ''Origines'' ("Origins") and usually abbreviated ''Orig.'', is an etymological encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) towards the end of his life. Isidore was ...

'', Book XII, i, 1–2) * Folio 5 verso :

Animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

(''Animal'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 3) * Folio 5 verso :

Quadruped Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where four limbs are used to bear weight and move around. An animal or machine that usually maintains a four-legged posture and moves using all four limbs is said to be a quadruped (from Latin ''quattuor' ...

(''Quadrupes'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 4) * Folio 5 verso :

Livestock Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animal ...

(''Pecus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 5–6) * Folio 5 verso :

Beast of burden A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products. Some are used for their physical strength (e.g. oxen and draft horses) or for ...

(''Iumentum'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 7) * Folio 5 verso : Herd (''Armentum'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 8)

Beasts (''Bestiae'')

* Folio 7 recto : Lion (''Leo'') (''

Physiologus The ''Physiologus'' () is a didactic Christian text written or compiled in Greek by an unknown author, in Alexandria; its composition has been traditionally dated to the 2nd century AD by readers who saw parallels with writings of Clement of Al ...

'', Chapter 1; Isidore of Seville, ''

'', Book XII, ii, 3–6) * Folio 8 recto :

Tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus ''Panthera''. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ...

(''Tigris'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, ii, 7) * Folio 8 verso : Pard (''Pard'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, ii, 10–11) * Folio 9 recto :

Panther Panther may refer to: Large cats *Pantherinae, the cat subfamily that contains the genera ''Panthera'' and ''Neofelis'' **'' Panthera'', the cat genus that contains tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards. *** Jaguar (''Panthera onca''), found in So ...

(''Panther'') (''Physiologus'', Chapter 16; Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, ii, 8–9) * Folio 10 recto :

Elephant Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae ...

(''Elephans'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, ii, 14; ''Physiologus'', Chapter 43; Ambrose, ''

Hexaemeron The term Hexameron ( Greek: Ἡ Ἑξαήμερος Δημιουργία ''Hē Hexaēmeros Dēmiourgia'') refers either to the genre of theological treatise that describes God's work on the six days of creation or to the six days of creation them ...

'', Book VI, 35; Solinus,
Collectanea rerum memorabilium
', xxv, 1–7) * Folio 11 recto : Beaver (''Castor'') * Folio 11 recto :

Ibex An ibex (plural ibex, ibexes or ibices) is any of several species of wild goat (genus ''Capra''), distinguished by the male's large recurved horns, which are transversely ridged in front. Ibex are found in Eurasia, North Africa and East Africa ...

(''Ibex'') ( Hugh of Fouilloy, II, 15) * Folio 11 verso : Hyena (''Yena'') (''Physiologus'', Chapter 24; Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', xxvii, 23–24) * Folio 12 recto : Crocotta (''Crocotta'') (Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', xxvii, 26) * Folio 12 recto : Bonnacon (''Bonnacon'') (Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', xl, 10–11) * Folio 12 verso :

Ape Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

(''Simia'') * Folio 13 recto :

Satyr In Greek mythology, a satyr ( grc-gre, σάτυρος, sátyros, ), also known as a silenus or ''silenos'' ( grc-gre, σειληνός ), is a male nature spirit with ears and a tail resembling those of a horse, as well as a permanent, exa ...

(''Satyrs'') * Folio 13 recto :

Deer Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the re ...

(''Cervus'') * Folio 14 recto :

Goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...

(''Caper'') * Folio 14 verso :

Wild goat The wild goat (''Capra aegagrus'') is a wild goat species, inhabiting forests, shrublands and rocky areas ranging from Turkey and the Caucasus in the west to Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. It has been listed as near threate ...

(''Caprea'') * Folio 15 recto :

Monoceros Monoceros (Greek: Μονόκερως, "unicorn") is a faint constellation on the celestial equator. Its definition is attributed to the 17th-century Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius. It is bordered by Orion to the west, Gemini to the north, ...

(''Monoceros'') ( Solinus,
Collectanea rerum memorabilium
', lii, 39–40) * Folio 15 recto : Bear (''Ursus'') * Folio 15 verso : Leucrota (''Leucrota'') (Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', lii, 34) * Folio 16 recto : Parandrus (''Parandrus'') (Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', xxx, 25) * Folio 16 recto : Fox (''Vulpes'') * Folio 16 verso :

Yale Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wor ...

(''Eale'') (Solinus, ''Collectanea rerum memorabilium'', lii, 35) * Folio 16 verso :

Wolf The wolf (''Canis lupus''; : wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly un ...

(''Lupus'') * Folio 18 recto :

Dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

(''Canis'') Aberdeen Bestiary Basilisk

Livestock (''Pecora'')

* Folio 20 verso :

Sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus '' Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated ...

(''Ovis'') ( Isidore of Seville, ''

'', Book XII, i, 9; Ambrose, ''

'', Book VI, 20) * Folio 21 recto : Wether (''Vervex'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 10) * Folio 21 recto :

Ram Ram, ram, or RAM may refer to: Animals * A male sheep * Ram cichlid, a freshwater tropical fish People * Ram (given name) * Ram (surname) * Ram (director) (Ramsubramaniam), an Indian Tamil film director * RAM (musician) (born 1974), Dutch * ...

(''Aries'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 11) * Folio 21 recto :

Lamb Lamb or The Lamb may refer to: * A young sheep * Lamb and mutton, the meat of sheep Arts and media Film, television, and theatre * ''The Lamb'' (1915 film), a silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks Sr. in his screen debut * ''The Lamb'' (1918 ...

(''Agnus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 12; Ambrose, ''Hexaemeron'', Book VI, 28) * Folio 21 recto :

He-goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...

(''Hircus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 14) * Folio 21 verso : Kid (''Hedus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 13) * Folio 21 verso :

Boar The wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is ...

(''Aper'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 27) * Folio 21 verso :

Bullock Bullock may refer to: Animals * Bullock (in British English), a castrated male bovine animal of any age * Bullock (in North America), a young bull (an uncastrated male bovine animal) * Bullock (in Australia, India and New Zealand), an ox, an adu ...

(''Iuvencus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 28) * Folio 21 verso :

Bull A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species ''Bos taurus'' (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e., cows), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions, includin ...

(''Taurus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 29) * Folio 22 recto :

Horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million yea ...

(''Equus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 41–56; Hugh of Fouilloy, III, xxiii) * Folio 23 recto : Mule (''Mulus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, i, 57–60)

Small animals (''Minuta animala'')

* Folio 23 verso :

Cat The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...

(''Musio'') ( Isidore of Seville, ''

'', Book XII, ii, 38) * Folio 23 verso : Mouse (''Mus'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, iii, 1) * Folio 23 verso :

Weasel Weasels are mammals of the genus ''Mustela'' of the family Mustelidae. The genus ''Mustela'' includes the least weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and European mink. Members of this genus are small, active predators, with long and slender b ...

(''Mustela'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, iii, 2; ''

'', Chapter 21) * Folio 24 recto :

Mole Mole (or Molé) may refer to: Animals * Mole (animal) or "true mole", mammals in the family Talpidae, found in Eurasia and North America * Golden moles, southern African mammals in the family Chrysochloridae, similar to but unrelated to Talpida ...

(''Talpa'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, iii, 5) * Folio 24 recto :

Hedgehog A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introductio ...

(''Ericius'') (Isidore of Seville, ''Etymologiae'', Book XII, iii, 7; Ambrose, ''

'', VI, 20) * Folio 24 verso :

Ant Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of ...

(''Formica'') (Physiologus, 12; Ambrose, ''Hexaemeron'', Book VI, 16, 20)

Birds (''Aves'')

* Folio 25 recto :

Bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

(''Avis'') * Folio 25 verso :

Dove Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

(''Columba'') * Folio 26 recto :

and hawk (''Columba et Accipiter'') * Folio 26 verso :

(''Columba'') * Folio 29 verso : North wind and

South wind A south wind is a wind that originates in the south and blows in a northward direction. Words used in English to describe the south wind are auster, buster (a violent south gale), föhn/foehn (alps), ghibli (Libya with various spellings), friage ...

(''Aquilo et Auster ventus'') * Folio 30 recto : Hawk (''Accipiter'') * Folio 31 recto : Turtle dove (''Turtur'') * Folio 32 verso :

Palm tree The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm ...

(''Palma'') * Folio 33 verso :

Cedar Cedar may refer to: Trees and plants *''Cedrus'', common English name cedar, an Old-World genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae *Cedar (plant), a list of trees and plants known as cedar Places United States * Cedar, Arizona * ...

(''Cedrus'') * Folio 34 verso : Pelican (''Pellicanus'') - Orange and blue * Folio 35 verso : Night heron (''Nicticorax'') * Folio 36 recto :

Hoopoe Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "crown" of feathers. Three living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many years all of the extant species were lumped as a single ...

(''Epops'') * Folio 36 verso : Magpie (''Pica'') * Folio 37 recto : Raven (''Corvus'') * Folio 38 verso : Cock (''Gallus'') * Folio 41 recto :

Ostrich Ostriches are large flightless birds of the genus ''Struthio'' in the order Struthioniformes, part of the infra-class Palaeognathae, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as ratites that includes the emus, rheas, and kiwis. There ...

(''Strutio'') * Folio 44 recto :

Vulture A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including Condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to North and ...

(''Vultur'') * Folio 45 verso : Crane (''Grus'') * Folio 46 verso :

Kite A kite is a tethered heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air to create lift and drag forces. A kite consists of wings, tethers and anchors. Kites often have a bridle and tail to guide the fac ...

(''Milvus'') * Folio 46 verso :

Parrot Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are birds of the roughly 398 species in 92 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes (), found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoide ...

(''Psitacus'') * Folio 47 recto :

Ibis The ibises () (collective plural ibis; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains. "Ibis" derives from the Latin and Ancient Greek word ...

(''Ibis'') * Folio 47 verso :

Swallow The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The ...

(''Yrundo'') * Folio 48 verso : Stork (''Ciconia'') * Folio 49 verso : Blackbird (''Merula'') * Folio 50 recto : Eagle-owl (''Bubo'') * Folio 50 verso :

(''Hupupa'') * Folio 51 recto : Little owl (''Noctua'') * Folio 51 recto :

Bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most ...

(''Vespertilio'') * Folio 51 verso : Jay (''Gragulus'') * Folio 52 verso :

Nightingale The common nightingale, rufous nightingale or simply nightingale (''Luscinia megarhynchos''), is a small passerine bird best known for its powerful and beautiful song. It was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is no ...

(''Lucinia'') * Folio 53 recto :

Goose A goose ( : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera ''Anser'' (the grey geese and white geese) and '' Branta'' (the black geese). Some other birds, mostly related to the ...

(''Anser'') * Folio 53 verso : Heron (''Ardea'') * Folio 54 recto :

Partridge A partridge is a medium-sized galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species have been introduced to the Americas. They are sometimes grouped in the Perd ...

(''Perdix'') * Folio 54 verso :

Halcyon Halcyon is a name originally derived from Alcyone of Greek mythology. Halcyon or Halcyone may refer to: Arts and entertainment Television * ''Halcyon'' (TV series), a Virtual Reality murder mystery on SyFy * '' The Halcyon'', British period ...

(''Alcyon'') * Folio 55 recto :

Coot Coots are medium-sized water birds that are members of the rail family, Rallidae. They constitute the genus ''Fulica'', the name being the Latin term for "coot". Coots have predominantly black plumage, and—unlike many rails—they are usually ...

(''Fulica'') * Folio 55 recto :

Phoenix Phoenix most often refers to: * Phoenix (mythology), a legendary bird from ancient Greek folklore * Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States Phoenix may also refer to: Mythology Greek mythological figures * Phoenix (son of Amyntor), a ...

(''Fenix'') * Folio 56 verso : Caladrius (''Caladrius'') * Folio 57 verso :

Quail Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally placed in the order Galliformes. The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey, or bevy. Old World quail are placed in the family Phasianidae, and New ...

(''Coturnix'') * Folio 58 recto :

Crow A crow is a bird of the genus '' Corvus'', or more broadly a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. Crows are generally black in colour. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not pinned scientifica ...

(''Cornix'') * Folio 58 verso : Swan (''Cignus'') * Folio 59 recto :

Duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form ...

(''Anas'') * Folio 59 verso :

Peacock Peafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera '' Pavo'' and '' Afropavo'' within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae, the pheasants and their allies. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female peafowl are r ...

(''Pavo'') * Folio 61 recto :

Eagle Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, j ...

(''Aquila'') * Folio 63 recto : Bee (''Apis'') AberdeenBestiaryFolio009rPantherDetail

Snakes and Reptiles (''Serpentes'')

* Folio 64 verso : Perindens tree (''Perindens'') * Folio 65 verso :

Snake Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more j ...

(''Serpens'') * Folio 65 verso : Dragon (''Draco'') * Folio 66 recto :

Basilisk In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk ( or ) is a legendary reptile reputed to be a serpent king, who causes death to those who look into its eyes. According to the ''Naturalis Historia'' of Pliny the Elder, the basilisk of Cyrene i ...

(''Basiliscus'') * Folio 66 verso :

Regulus Regulus is the brightest object in the constellation Leo and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation designated α Leonis, which is Latinized to Alpha Leonis, and abbreviated Alpha Leo or α Leo. Reg ...

(''Regulus'') * Folio 66 verso : Viper (''Vipera'') * Folio 67 verso : Asp (''Aspis'') * Folio 68 verso : Scitalis (''Scitalis'') * Folio 68 verso : Amphisbaena (''Anphivena'') * Folio 68 verso :

Hydrus Hydrus is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman and it first appeared on a 35-cm (14 in) d ...

(''Ydrus'') * Folio 69 recto :

Boa Kwon Bo-ah (; born November 5, 1986), known professionally as BoA, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer and actress. One of the most successful and influential Korean entertainers, she has been dubbed the " Queen of K- ...

(''Boa'') * Folio 69 recto : Iaculus (''Iaculus'') * Folio 69 verso :

Siren Siren or sirens may refer to: Common meanings * Siren (alarm), a loud acoustic alarm used to alert people to emergencies * Siren (mythology), an enchanting but dangerous monster in Greek mythology Places * Siren (town), Wisconsin * Siren, Wisc ...

(''Siren'') * Folio 69 verso : Seps (''Seps'') * Folio 69 verso : Dipsa (''Dipsa'') * Folio 69 verso : Lizard (''Lacertus'') * Folio 69 verso :

Salamander Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by their lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults. All t ...

(''Salamandra'') * Folio 70 recto : Saura (''Saura'') * Folio 70 verso :

Newt A newt is a salamander in the subfamily Pleurodelinae. The terrestrial juvenile phase is called an eft. Unlike other members of the family Salamandridae, newts are semiaquatic, alternating between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Not all aqua ...

(''Stellio'') * Folio 71 recto : Of the

nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are ...

s (''De natura serpentium'')

Worms (''Vermes'')

* Folio 72 recto :

Worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete wo ...

s (''Vermis'')

Fish (''Pisces'')

* Folio 72 verso :

Fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...

(''Piscis'') * Folio 73 recto :

Whale Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. As an informal and colloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder Cetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart from dolphins and ...

(''Balena'') * Folio 73 recto : Serra (''Serra'') * Folio 73 recto :

Dolphin A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...

(''Delphinus'') * Folio 73 verso : Sea-pig (''Porcus marinus'') * Folio 73 verso : Crocodile (''Crocodrillus'') * Folio 73 verso : Mullet (''Mullus'') * Folio 74 recto :

(''Piscis'')

Trees and Plants (''Arbories'')

* Folio 77 verso :

Tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

(''Arbor'') * Folio 78 verso : Fig (''Ficus'') * Folio 79 recto : Again of

s (''Item de arboribus'') * Folio 79 recto : Mulberry * Folio 79 recto :

Sycamore Sycamore is a name which has been applied to several types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. The name derives from the ancient Greek ' (''sūkomoros'') meaning "fig-mulberry". Species of trees known as sycamore: * ''Acer pseudoplata ...

* Folio 79 recto : Hazel * Folio 79 recto : Nuts * Folio 79 recto : Almond * Folio 79 recto : Chestnut * Folio 79 recto :

Oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

* Folio 79 verso : Beech * Folio 79 verso : Carob * Folio 79 verso : Pistachio * Folio 79 verso : Pitch pine * Folio 79 verso :

Pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts ...

* Folio 79 verso : Fir * Folio 79 verso :

* Folio 80 recto : Cypress * Folio 80 recto : Juniper * Folio 80 recto :

Plane Plane(s) most often refers to: * Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft * Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface Plane or planes may also refer to: Biology * Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant * ''Planes' ...

* Folio 80 recto :

* Folio 80 recto : Ash * Folio 80 recto :

Alder Alders are trees comprising the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few sp ...

* Folio 80 verso :

Elm Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North ...

* Folio 80 verso : Poplar * Folio 80 verso :

Willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist so ...

* Folio 80 verso : Osier * Folio 80 verso :

Box A box (plural: boxes) is a container used for the storage or transportation of its contents. Most boxes have flat, parallel, rectangular sides. Boxes can be very small (like a matchbox) or very large (like a shipping box for furniture), and can ...

Nature of Man (''Natura hominis'')

* Folio 80 verso :

Isidorus Isidorus (born c. 139) was a native ancient Egyptian priest in the 2nd century during the Roman rule in Egypt. He led the native Egyptian revolt against Roman rule during the reign of emperor Marcus Aurelius.Dio CassiusEpitome 72/ref> The likely ...

on the nature of

(''Ysidorus de natura hominis'') * Folio 89 recto :

on the parts of man's body (''Ysidorus de membris hominis'') * Folio 91 recto : Of the age of

(''De etate hominis'')

Stones (''Lapides'')

* Folio 93 verso : Fire-bearing stone (''Lapis ignifer'') * Folio 94 verso : Adamas stone (''Lapis adamas'') * Folio 96 recto : Myrmecoleon (''Mermecoleon'') * Folio 96 verso : Verse (''Versus'') * Folio 97 recto :

Stone In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its Chemical compound, chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks ...

in the foundation of the wall (''Lapis in fundamento muri'') * Folio 97 recto : The first stone,

Jasper Jasper, an aggregate of microgranular quartz and/or cryptocrystalline chalcedony and other mineral phases,Kostov, R. I. 2010. Review on the mineralogical systematics of jasper and related rocks. – Archaeometry Workshop, 7, 3, 209-213PDF/ref> ...

* Folio 97 recto : The second stone,

Sapphire Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide () with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, or magnesium. The name sapphire is derived via the Latin "sa ...

* Folio 97 recto : The third stone,

Chalcedony Chalcedony ( , or ) is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of quartz and moganite. These are both silica minerals, but they differ in that quartz has a trigonal crystal structure, while moganite is monocli ...

* Folio 97 verso : The fourth stone,

Smaragdus Smaragdus ( grc-gre, Σμαράγδος, Smarágdos) was Exarch of Ravenna from 585 to 589 and again from 603 to 611. During his first tenure, Smaragdus made an alliance with the Franks and Avars against the perennial foes of the Exarchate, the ...

* Folio 98 recto : The fifth stone,

Sardonyx Onyx primarily refers to the parallel banded variety of chalcedony, a silicate mineral. Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands. The c ...

* Folio 98 recto : The sixth stone,

Sard is a Japanese tuning company and racing team from Toyota, Aichi, mainly competing in the Super GT series and specialising in Toyota tuning parts. History The company was formed in 1972 as Sigma Automotive Co., Ltd by Shin Kato to develop and ...

* Folio 98 verso : The seventh stone, Chrysolite * Folio 98 verso : The eighth stone,

Beryl Beryl ( ) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2Si6O18. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring, hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several ...

* Folio 99 recto : The ninth stone, Topaz * Folio 99 verso : The tenth stone, Chrysoprase * Folio 99 verso : The eleventh stone,

Hyacinth Hyacinth or Hyacinthus may refer to: Nature Plants * Hyacinth (plant), genus ''Hyacinthus'' ** '' Hyacinthus orientalis'', common hyacinth * Grape hyacinth, '' Muscari'', a genus of perennial bulbous plants native to Eurasia * Hyacinth bean, ''L ...

* Folio 100 recto : The twelfth stone, Amethyst * Folio 100 recto : Of stones and what they can do (''De effectu lapidum'')

Gallery

File:Phoenix detail from Aberdeen Bestiary.jpg, alt=Folio 56 Recto - Phoenix (detail), Folio 56 Recto - Phoenix (detail) File:Aberdeen Bestiary Basilisk.jpg, alt=Folio 66 Recto - Basilisk (Detail), Folio 66 Recto - Basilisk (detail) File:Beaver (Aberdeen Bestiary).jpg, alt=Folio 11 Recto - Beaver (Detail), Folio 11 Recto - Beaver (detail) File:Hyena bestiary.jpg, alt=Folio 11 Verso - Hyena (Detail), Folio 11 Verso - Hyena (detail) File:AberdeenBestiaryFolio065vDragonDetail.jpg, alt=Folio 65 Verso - Dragon (detail), Folio 65 Verso - Dragon (detail) File:Vultures in Aberdeen Bestiary.jpg, alt=Folio 44 Recto - Vulture (detail), Folio 44 Recto - Vulture (detail) File:Aberdeen Bestiary - Owl.JPG, alt=Folio 51 Recto - Little Owl (detail), Folio 51 Recto - Little Owl (detail) File:Bubo owl aberdeen bestiary.png, alt=Folio 50 - Eagle Owl (detail), Folio 50 - Eagle Owl (detail) File:Aberdeen ram.jpg, alt=Folio 21 Recto - Ram/Aries (Detail), Folio 21 Recto - Ram/Aries (detail) File:AberdeenBestiaryFolio008vLeopardDetail.jpg, alt=Folio 8 Verso - Leopard (detail), Folio 8 Verso - Leopard (detail) File:AberdeenBestiaryFolio008rTigerDetail.jpg, alt=Folio 8 Recto - Tiger, Folio 8 Recto - Tiger File:F13r-aberdeen-best.jpg, alt=Folio 13 Recto - Satyr (detail), Folio 13 Recto - Satyr (detail) File:F15r-aberdeen-best-detail.jpg, alt=Folio 15 Recto - Monoceros (detail), Folio 15 Recto - Monoceros (detail) File:Wolf sneak.jpg, alt=Folio 16 Verso - Wolf (detail), Folio 16 Verso - Wolf (detail) File:AberdeenBestiaryFolio005rAdamNamesAnimalsDetail.jpg, alt=Folio 5 Recto - Adam (detail), Folio 5 Recto - Adam (detail)

References

External links

{{Commons category, Aberdeen Bestiary
''The Aberdeen Bestiary Project'' - University of Aberdeen
Online version of the bestiary.

Bestiaries University of Aberdeen 12th-century illuminated manuscripts Biology books Works of unknown authorship

History

Provenance

Description

Materials

Style

Illuminations

Missing Folios

Contents

Beasts (''Bestiae'')

Livestock (''Pecora'')

Small animals (''Minuta animala'')

Birds (''Aves'')

Snakes and Reptiles (''Serpentes'')

Worms (''Vermes'')

Fish (''Pisces'')

Trees and Plants (''Arbories'')

Nature of Man (''Natura hominis'')

Stones (''Lapides'')

Gallery

See also

References

External links