APEC China 2001
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APEC China 2001 was a series of economic and political meetings between the 21 member states of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum held in the People's Republic of China during 2001. Various meetings were held across the country, with leaders from all the member countries meeting 20–21 October 2001 in Shanghai.


Background

Many of the member states were still dealing with the fallout of the
1997 Asian financial crisis The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998–1 ...
, whose effects on the price of oil led to the
1998 Russian financial crisis The Russian financial crisis (also called the ruble crisis or the Russian flu) began in Russia on 17 August 1998. It resulted in the Russian government and the Russian Central Bank devaluing the ruble and defaulting on its debt. The crisis had s ...
. Discontent with globalization had erupted into major
protests in Seattle A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration or remonstrance) is a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one. Protests can be thought of as acts of coopera ...
, Prague, and Genoa. Even China, the only economy to experience rapid growth in the region through the period thanks to various protections against capital flight, saw weaker-than-projected growth and made efforts to improve non-performing loans in its banking system and its dependency on trade with the United States. The leaders' meeting for APEC China 2001 was held shortly after the September 11th Attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, in the United States, which quickly led to a " War on Terror" and an
invasion of Afghanistan In late 2001, the United States and its close allies invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban government. The invasion's aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, which had executed the September 11 attacks, and to deny it a safe base of operations ...
by American forces. The United Nations Security Council had already passed Resolutions 1368 (condemning the attacks) and
1373 Year 1373 ( MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between Ferdinand I of Portu ...
(initiating international counterterrorism arrangements), but not yet authorized an international military response. President
George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...
had cancelled a scheduled trip to China, Japan, and South Korea to deal with the attack and its fallout, but arranged to meet those countries' leaders while at the APEC meetings in Shanghai.
Chinese Foreign Minister The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China (; ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Wàijiāobù Bùzhǎng'') is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and one of the country's most imp ...
Tang Jiaxuan Tang Jiaxuan () (born January 17, 1938) is a Chinese diplomat and politician who was foreign minister of the People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world' ...
visited Washington to conclude preliminary arrangements with Vice-President
Dick Cheney Richard Bruce Cheney ( ; born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under President George W. Bush. He is currently the oldest living former U ...
and Secretary of State
Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell ( ; April 5, 1937 – October 18, 2021) was an American politician, statesman, diplomat, and United States Army officer who served as the 65th United States Secretary of State from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African ...
in mid-September. Bush has visited in China on his first international trip since the September 11 attacks and China offered strong public support for the War on Terror. The meetings also took place during and after the negotiations for a 20-year treaty between Russia and
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. The treaty, signed on 16 July, stipulated economic and military cooperation between the two countries and also outlined a policy of general friendliness and cooperation.


Administration

APEC China 2001 was overseen by a steering committee headed by Vice-Premier Qian Qichen and including
Shanghai mayor The Politics of Shanghai is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the last few decades the city has produced many of the country's event ...
Xu Kuangdi and Party secretary Huang Ju; Organization Department
head A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may ...
Zeng Qinghong;
State Council State Council may refer to: Government * State Council of the Republic of Korea, the national cabinet of South Korea, headed by the President * State Council of the People's Republic of China, the national cabinet and chief administrative auth ...
secretary-general Wang Zhongyu; Central Office director Wang Gang; Minister of Foreign Affairs Tang Jiaxuan; and
Minister of Foreign Trade The Ministry of Foreign Trade (russian: Министерство внешней торговли СССР; Minvneshtorg) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union. The foreign trade of the USSR was a government monopoly and was conducted by th ...
Shi Guangsheng Shi Guangsheng (; born September 1939) is a politician of the People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceedi ...
.. Tang, Shi, and Xu also took on a more direct role as members of the conference's Preparatory Commission. Wang Guangya and Zhang Yesui, then vice-minister and assistant minister at the
Foreign Office Foreign may refer to: Government * Foreign policy, how a country interacts with other countries * Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in many countries ** Foreign Office, a department of the UK government ** Foreign office and foreign minister * Unit ...
, managed day-to-day affairs as the heads of the conference's secretariat.


Mission

The planned overarching theme of the meetings was "Meeting New Challenges in the New Century: Achieving Common Prosperity through Participation and Cooperation", with the subthemes "Sharing the Benefits of Globalization and the New Economy", "Advancing Trade and Investment", and "Promoting Sustained Economic Growth".. Discussion of globalization and the "New Economy" were focused on ecotechnology, e-commerce, human resource development, and corporate governance. Discussion of trade and investment focused on non-binding principles of
trade facilitation Trade facilitation looks at how procedures and controls governing the movement of goods across national borders can be improved to reduce associated cost burdens and maximise efficiency while safeguarding legitimate regulatory objectives. Bus ...
, improving regional investment competitiveness, the next
WTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. With effective cooperation in the United Nations System, governments use the organization to establish, revise, and e ...
round, and the
Bogor Goals The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC ) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
regarding trade liberalization. Discussion of sustained growth focused on international financial cooperation, improving macroeconomic forecasting, and structural reform to improve industrial competitiveness. In practice, the 11 September Attacks in the United States refocused most of the September and October meetings around
counterterrorism Counterterrorism (also spelled counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, incorporates the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that Government, governments, law enforcement, business, and Intelligence agency, intellig ...
; the US wars "on Terror" and with Afghanistan; and cooperation to address the negative economic effects of the attacks....McMillan, Alex Frew,
'Shanghai Accord' Sets APEC Trade Agenda
, ''CNN'', 21 October 2001.


Preparations

The
national National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...
and municipal governments attached great importance to the APEC summit, in particular to the "grand gathering" of world leaders in Shanghai in October. Ahead of the October events, Shanghai spent a considerable sum on beautifying the city and refurbishing the major 4- and 5-star hotels, ''People's Daily'' (10 Oct 2001),
Shanghai Takes on New Look to Welcome APEC
.
including providing them with drinkable tap water.
Suzhou Creek Suzhou Creek (or Soochow Creek), also called the Wusong (Woosung) River, is a river that passes through the Shanghai city center. It is named after the neighboring city of Suzhou (Soochow), Jiangsu, the predominant settlement in this area prior ...
—which had been notorious for its foul odor for over 80 years—was thoroughly cleaned. Bridges and other infrastructure were examined and improved where needed, including an expansion of
Pudong Airport Shanghai Pudong International Airport is one of two international airports serving Shanghai and a major aviation hub of East Asia. Pudong Airport serves both international flights and a smaller number of domestic fights, while the city's othe ...
to accommodate VIP arrivals and departures without inconvenience to other travelers. 320 million was spent improving the city's telecommunications, including internet and satellite upgrades. The Great Firewall was partially opened, with websites for the BBC, CNN, '' The Washington Post'', and some other western media outlets available during the event. Security was heavily tightened, with more than 10,000 personnel brought in to guard the hotels, venues, and associated facilities. Shanghai's
airspace Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory, including its territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere. It is not the same as aerospace, which is the ...
and coastline were also heavily monitored throughout the events. Mayor Xu Kuangdi boasted that "Shanghai is now the safest city in the world" while noting that the municipal government was taking pains to assure that the people of Shanghai were not inconvenienced in their daily lives by the international conference. ''People's Daily'' (12 Oct 2001),
Shanghai Ready for APEC Meeting
.
(In the event of a disaster or attack, the 1,000-odd volunteers staffing the event also received tens of thousands of RMB in disability and
life insurance Life insurance (or life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations) is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money upon the death ...
from Ping'an, totaling 1.14 billion $137 million) overall.) Beginning in early 2000, various workers around the city were trained in English to assist international visitors. The "green" nature of the summit was also underlined by using recycled paper materials and by removing nonorganic vegetables and wild game from city restaurants.


Events

APEC China 2001 occurred in several stages throughout the year in different major cities around the country. It began in early February at the national capital Beijing. The APEC Symposium on e-Commerce and Paperless Trading ran from 9–10 February, and the first Senior Officials' Meeting from 11–19 Feb.. In May, there was a "high-level meeting" on Human Capacity Building in Beijing on the 15th & 16th; an ASC Consortium Meeting in the northern port of Tianjin from the 18th to the 20th; and the second Senior Officials' Meeting in the southern manufacturing center and port of Shenzhen from the 26th until 3 June. Also in June, the Meeting of Ministers Responsible for Trade occurred in the eastern port of Shanghai on the 6th and 7th. The 2nd APEC Investment Mart occurred from the 9th to the 15th in the northern port of Yantai,
Shandong Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
. In July, the Youth Science Festival took place in Shanghai from the 9th to the 14th. In August, the Manchurian port of
Dalian Dalian () is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China. Located on the ...
,
Liaoning Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost ...
, hosted the third Senior Officials' Meeting from the 16th to the 24th; Beijing hosted the WLN Meeting from the 22nd to 25th; and Shanghai hosted the SMEs Ministers' Meeting from the 26th to the 31st. In September, the Finance Ministers' Meeting was held in the eastern manufacturing center and historic city of
Suzhou Suzhou (; ; Suzhounese: ''sou¹ tseu¹'' , Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Soochow, is a major city in southern Jiangsu province, East China. Suzhou is the largest city in Jiangsu, and a major economic center and focal point of trade ...
, Jiangsu, from the 6th to the 9th and the fourth Technomart—during which 513 contracts were signed, with a total value of $1.07 billion—was held in the same city from the 21st to 25th. APEC China 2001 ended in Shanghai with its major events: an informal Senior Officials' Meeting 15–16 October, the 13th annual Ministerial Meeting 17–18 October, a CEO summit 18–20 October, a Business Advisory Council Meeting 18–21 October, and the 9th Informal Leaders' Meeting on 20–21 October. APEC (15 Oct 2001),
Media Advisory for... APEC 2001
.
The first evening of the Leaders' Meeting was closed with Oriental TV's enormous 20-minute fireworks display along of the
Huangpu River The Huangpu (), formerly romanized as Whangpoo, is a river flowing north through Shanghai. The Bund and Lujiazui are located along the Huangpu River. The Huangpu is the biggest river in central Shanghai, with the Suzhou Creek being its maj ...
, including the use of the Bund buildings to represent both piano keys and the APEC member countries.


Venues

For meetings in Shanghai, the main venue was the Shanghai International Convention Center. An "International Media Center" was established at the adjacent
Oriental Pearl TV Tower The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower () is a TV tower in Shanghai. Its location at the tip of Lujiazui in the Pudong New Area by the side of Huangpu River, opposite The Bund, makes it a distinct landmark in the area. Its principal design ...
for the 3,179 domestic and foreign reporters from the 517 media organizations covering the October events; it was opened from 14 Oct. through the end of the month. The CEO summit was conducted in the conference halls at the
Pudong Shangri-La Pudong Shangri-La, East Shanghai, often abridged as Pudong Shangri-La, is a hotel located at 33 Fucheng Lu (富城路33号, 近银城东路) in Pudong, Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-ad ...
. For the world leaders' summit, the first day of meetings and the main banquet were held in the International Convention Center and the second day's work took place in the as-yet-unopened Shanghai Science and Technology Museum. ''People's Daily'' (21 Oct 2001),
APEC Economic Leaders Pose for Group Photo
.
Jiang Jiang may refer to: * ''Jiang'' (rank), rank held by general officers in the military of China *Jiang (surname), several Chinese surnames **Jiang Zemin (1926–2022), as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party *Jiang River, an ancient riv ...
stayed at the Xijiao State Guest Hotel in Hongqiao, where he met and gave some press conferences with foreign leaders. Leaders and staff were shuttled around town in the event's official vehicles, nearly 800
Buick Buick () is a division of the American automobile manufacturer General Motors (GM). Started by automotive pioneer David Dunbar Buick in 1899, it was among the first American marques of automobiles, and was the company that established General ...
sedans A sedan or saloon (British English) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo. The first recorded use of the word "sedan" in reference to an automobile body occurred in 19 ...
made by
Shanghai General Motors SAIC General Motors Corporation Limited (More commonly known as SAIC-GM; ; formerly known as "Shanghai General Motors Company Ltd", "Shanghai GM"; ) is a joint venture between General Motors, General Motors Company and SAIC Motor that manufacture ...
, as well as in over 1300 other support vehicles reserved for the occasion. ''People's Daily'' (27 Sep 2001),
Shanghai Ready to Embrace APEC
.


Participants

The Economic Leaders' Meeting was attended by
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
n prime minister John Howard, Brunei's
sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...
Hassanal Bolkiah Hassanal Bolkiah ibni Omar Ali Saifuddien III ( Jawi: ; born 15 July 1946) is the 29th and current Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei since 1967 and the Prime Minister of Brunei since independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. He is one ...
, Canadian prime minister
Jean Chrétien Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. Born and raised in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Chrétien is a law graduate from Uni ...
, Chilean president
Ricardo Lagos Escobar Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (; born 2 March 1938) is a Chilean lawyer, economist and social-democratic politician who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. During the 1980s he was a well-known opponent of the Chilean military di ...
, Chinese
paramount leader Paramount leader () is an informal term for the most important political figure in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The paramount leader typically controls the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), often hol ...
Jiang Zemin, Hong Kong's chief executive
Tung Chee-hwa Tung Chee-hwa (; born 7 July 1937) is a Hong Kong businessman and politician who served as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong between 1997 and 2005, upon the transfer of sovereignty on 1 July. He is currently a vice-chairman of the Chin ...
, Indonesian president
Megawati Sukarnoputri Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (; born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. She previously served as the eighth Vice President of Indonesia, vice president f ...
,
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
ese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi, South Korean president Kim Dae-jung, Malaysian prime minister
Mahathir Mohamad Mahathir bin Mohamad ( ms, محاضير بن محمد, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author, and physician who served as the 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the office ...
,
Mexican Mexican may refer to: Mexico and its culture *Being related to, from, or connected to the country of Mexico, in North America ** People *** Mexicans, inhabitants of the country Mexico and their descendants *** Mexica, ancient indigenous people ...
president Vicente Fox, New Zealand prime minister Helen Clark, Papuan prime minister
Mekere Morauta The Right Honourable Sir Mekere Morauta (12 June 1946 – 19 December 2020) was a Papua New Guinean politician and economist who served as the 7th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea from 1999 to 2002. Inheriting a depressed economy and a fra ...
, Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Russian president Vladimir Putin, Singaporean prime minister Goh Chok Tong,
Thai Thai or THAI may refer to: * Of or from Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia ** Thai people, the dominant ethnic group of Thailand ** Thai language, a Tai-Kadai language spoken mainly in and around Thailand *** Thai script *** Thai (Unicode block ...
prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, US President George W. Bush, and Vietnamese prime minister Phan Van Khai. The heads of state and their entourages arrived on 39 separate VIP planes. ''People's Daily'' (25 Oct 2001),
Shanghai Airports Safely Handle 78 VIP Flights during APEC Summit
.
Chen Shui-bian, the president of the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
(known informally as " Taiwan" and to APEC as the "member economy" of "Chinese Taipei"), was expressly forbidden from attendance by the Chinese Foreign Ministry; his replacement—former vice-president
Li Yuan-zu Lee Yuan-tsu (; 24 September 1923 — 8 March 2017), was a Kuomintang politician who served under Lee Teng-hui as the eighth Vice President of the Republic of China. He was of Hakka ancestry. Early life His family was Hakka had origin in Meixia ...
—was also refused entry on the grounds that he was also a political rather than an economic representative.McMillan, Alex Frew,
Terrorism Takes Over APEC Economic Talks
, ''CNN'', 15 October 2001.
63 other VIP planes brought other political and business leaders to the October meetings in Shanghai.
General Motors The General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is the largest automaker in the United States and ...
CEO A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer (CEO), chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization especially ...
John F. Smith Jr. John Francis "Jack" Smith Jr. (born April 6, 1938) is an American businessman and executive who formerly served as COO in 1992, CEO from 1992 to 2000 and then chairman of the board of directors of General Motors from 1996 to 2000. He later ser ...
; ''People's Daily'' (12 Oct 2001),
General Motors Ready for APEC Meeting
.
AOL Time Warner CEO Gerald Levin;
Hewlett-Packard The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components ...
CEO Carly Fiorina; and IT leaders Bill Gates,
Li Dongsheng Li Dongsheng (; born in December 1955 in Zhucheng, Shandong) was a Vice Minister of China's Ministry of Public Security and a member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He oversaw the office in charge of suppressing the Fa ...
, and Wang Zhiti attended the CEO summit.


Legacy

The leaders agreed that, despite the sound fundamentals of their economies, the impact of the attacks on an already weak short-term outlook meant that they should "act quickly and decisively to stabilize markets, boost global demand, and facilitate an early pick-up in global economic activity". The Shanghai Accord iterated the group's support for the 1994 Bogor Goals of reducing tariffs between one another to zero by the year 2020. The importance of China to such action—at the time, it was the only country in the Asia-Pacific region experiencing rapid economic growth—led to renewed support for its impending ascension to full membership in the World Trade Organization and prompted calls to "work together to fight against protectionism in all forms". Some smaller states like Malaysia had expressed discontent in Shanghai with how globalization placed the rich "firmly in control".McMillan, Alex Frew,
Bush: Terrorists Attacked World and Free Trade
, ''CNN'', 20 October 2001.
US
trade representative The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is an agency of the United States federal government responsible for developing and promoting American trade policy. Part of the Executive Office of the President, it is headed by th ...
Robert Zoellick praised China for its efforts at APEC and the following months for pushing such member economies to join the Doha round of trade negotiations. In light of the growing importance of the internet, the leaders also agreed to take steps—including two programs arranged at the earlier ministerial meetings—to expand
digital penetration Fingering is typically the use of fingers or hands to sexually stimulate the vulva (including the clitoris) or vagina. Vaginal fingering is legally and medically called digital penetration or digital penetration of the vagina. Fingering may als ...
to all members, with the aim of reducing the "
digital divide The digital divide is the unequal access to digital technology, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and the internet. The digital divide creates a division and inequality around access to information and resources. In the Information Age in ...
" between
more More or Mores may refer to: Computing * MORE (application), outline software for Mac OS * more (command), a shell command * MORE protocol, a routing protocol * Missouri Research and Education Network Music Albums * ''More!'' (album), by Booka ...
and less developed states. The APEC leaders issued a separate counter-terrorism statement, committing to "prevent and suppress all forms of terrorist acts in the future", including enacting regulations and legislation to prevent terrorist funding.
Bush Bush commonly refers to: * Shrub, a small or medium woody plant Bush, Bushes, or the bush may also refer to: People * Bush (surname), including any of several people with that name **Bush family, a prominent American family that includes: *** ...
spoke of the fight against terrorism as "the urgent task of our time", claiming "there is no isolation from evil" and "every nation must oppose this enemy or turn into its target".. He used the conferences, particularly his centerpiece address, as an opportunity to enlist the support of Asian political and business leaders for counterterrorism and his nascent war in Afghanistan, as well as economic recovery from the attacks. Some efforts were weakened by resistance from APEC's three majority Muslim states, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Chinese officials also initially attempted to maintain the summit's economic focus before yielding to American concerns. In the end, both
Jiang Jiang may refer to: * ''Jiang'' (rank), rank held by general officers in the military of China *Jiang (surname), several Chinese surnames **Jiang Zemin (1926–2022), as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party *Jiang River, an ancient riv ...
and Putin spoke strongly about the need to "unswervingly oppose... terrorism in any form, whenever and wherever it occurs and who ver it targets", while particularly connecting such opposition to Russia's ongoing
Chechnyan Conflict Chechen War may refer to: * Chechen–Russian conflict, 1785–2017 * Caucasian War, 1817–1864 * Murid War, 1829–1859, a.k.a. Russian Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan * 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya * First Chechen War, December 1994– ...
and China's issues tamping down
Uyghur separatism The East Turkestan independence movement ( ug, شەرقىي تۈركىستان مۇستەقىللىق ھەرىكىتى; zh, s=东突厥斯坦独立运动) is a political movement that seeks the independence of East Turkestan, a large and spa ...
, both of which had drawn some international complaints.McMillan, Alex Frew,
APEC Unites against Terror
, ''CNN'', 22 October 2001.
Rather than considering these cases separately, Jiang advocated "a unanimous attitude and a sole standard should be adopted in fighting terrorism and... all forms of terrorism should be opposed and crushed". At the same time, Jiang emphasized that reprisals against terrorism—such as that beginning to be untaken by the United States—should be undertaken within UN guidelines and frameworks. In the months following APEC, the United Nations Security Council would unanimously pass Resolutions 1377 (concerning international counterterrorism);
1378 Year 1378 ( MCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits his nephew Charles V of Fran ...
and
1383 Year 1383 (Roman numerals, MCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * May 17 – King John I of Castile and Kingdom of León, Leon m ...
(condemning the existing government of Afghanistan and envisioning its future replacement under UN auspices); and
1386 Year 1386 ( MCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * February 24 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of ...
(authorizing the International Security Assistance Force to assist the US military in the removal of the existing Afghani government). The Leaders' Family Photo—an annual "silly shirt" ritual where world leaders don traditional outfits presented by their host—presented a quandary to Chinese officials, CIIC (23 Oct 2001),
Leaders' Casual Attire for APEC 2001
.
since the available options of representative clothing were by turns too revolutionary ( Mao suits), too imperialist (
Qing The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...
changshan and qipao), too archaic (earlier Hanfu), or too international ( business suits).. In lieu of selecting any of these, Jiang presented world leaders with the "
tang suit Tangzhuang (), sometimes called Tang suit, is a kind of Chinese jacket with Manchu origins and Han influences, characterized with a mandarin collar closing at the front with frog buttons. It is an updated form of the Qing magua, itself a more fas ...
" or ''tangzhuang'', an "ambiguously traditional". silk
jacket A jacket is a garment for the upper body, usually extending below the hips. A jacket typically has sleeves, and fastens in the front or slightly on the side. A jacket is generally lighter, tighter-fitting, and less insulating than a coat, which ...
with a Mandarin collar and knotted buttons that employed western sartorial techniques like
draping Drapery is a general word referring to cloths or textiles (Old French , from Late Latin ). It may refer to cloth used for decorative purposes – such as around windows – or to the trade of retailing cloth, originally mostly for clothin ...
, darts, set-in sleeves, and shoulder pads to create a stronger and more fitted look.. Every leader at APEC 2001 wore one of them—most opting for blue or red ''Confucius Institute Magazine'' (Sept 2009),
Chinese Clothing: From Gray-Blue to Coloured Years
".
—with a pattern of embroidered peonies surrounding APEC logos. ''China Daily'' (8 Feb 2002),
Traditional Dresses Welcome Spring Festival
.
A "tangzhuang craze" began immediately among the Chinese and continued over the next few years.. Although the APEC jackets' fabric was supposedly enhanced with advanced synthetic fiber and the outfit's designers took pains to highlight its modern elements, the new tangzhuangs were made in silk in such numbers that it revitalized the industry and have come to be treated as an ethnic costume to wear for traditional festivals.. Its inauthenticity in that role—its closest predecessor was the
Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...
" horse jacket" (''magua'') rather than anything from the Tang dynasty—eventually led to the Hanfu movement, aiming to revive ancient and medieval Chinese fashions.Carrico, Kevin,
Young People in China Have Started a Fashion Movement Built around Nationalism and Racial Purity
, ''Quartz'', 29 August 2017.


Notes


References


Citations


Bibliography

* . * , archived. * . * . * . * * . * . * . * . * . * .


External links


Official website



George W. Bush's speechJohn Howard's speech
an
Jiang & Bush's joint press conference
{{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2001 in China History of Shanghai
2001 The September 11 attacks against the United States by Al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror, were a defining event of 2001. The United States led a Participants in ...
Diplomatic conferences in China 21st-century diplomatic conferences 2001 in international relations 2001 conferences October 2001 events in China