Avro 594

The Avro Avian was a series of British light aircraft designed and built by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s. While the various versions of the Avian were sound aircraft, they were comprehensively outsold by the de Havilland Moth and its descendants.

Design and development

The Avro 581 Avian prototype was designed and built to compete in the Lympne light aircraft trials at Lympne Aerodrome in September 1926. Its wooden fuselage was based on that of the Avro 576 autogyro, but it was fitted with conventional biplane wings and powered by a 70 hp (50 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet engine. It performed well at the trials, but was eliminated due to engine failure.

In early 1927 it was re-engined with an ADC Cirrus engine as the Type 581A and sold to Bert Hinkler.

Production aircraft were designated Type 594 and were built in a number of versions, mainly powered by Cirrus engines.Jackson 1990, pp. 249, 256. A version with a welded steel tube fuselage was produced in 1929 as the Avro 616 Avian IVM to meet overseas requirements for an easier-to-repair structure.Jackson 1990, p. 265. This version was built in the largest numbers, with approximately 190 built.

The Avian was also produced under licence in Canada, by Ottawa Car Manufacturing Company in Ottawa, Ontario.

Operational history

While outsold by the de Havilland Moth and its derivatives—which first flew more than a year earlier than the Avian—the Avian was used extensively as a civil tourer or trainer, with many being sold overseas. Avians were assembled by the Whittesley Manufacturing Co., Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA, and the Ottawa Car Manufacturing Company, Canada, as well as by Avro itself.Jackson 1990, p. 273.

After further modifications to wings and undercarriage as the Avro 581E, Hinkler used this aircraft for a series of long-distance flights, culminating in a 15½-day solo flight from Croydon, UK to Darwin, Australia.Jackson 1974, p. 114. In 1998 Lang Kidby recreated this flight in a 1927 Type 594 Avian VH-UFZ (ex G-AUFZ)

Avro Avian 594 Avian III (SN R3/AV/101) was owned by Lady Mary Heath and Amelia Earhart. Earhart's Avian had an Cirrus Mk II engine. It was originally registered to Lady Heath on 29 October 1927 and given the UK aircraft marking ''G-EBUG''. When Earhart brought it to the United States it was assigned "unlicensed aircraft identification mark" ''7083''; aircraft not officially certificated in the United States were allowed to be flown as unlicensed but identified aircraft. Avian ''7083'' was used on Earhart's first long solo flight, which occurred just as Amelia was coming into the national spotlight. By making the trip in August 1928, she became the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. In 2001 Carlene Mendita recreated this flight in Greg Herrick's Type 594 Avian which he had purchased from Lang Kidby. At the time Herrick purchased the Avian from Kidby, two years prior, it was the oldest flying aircraft in Australia. It is now based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Wilfrid R. "Wop" May used a 594 to make his January 1929 mercy flight with diphtheria antitoxin from Edmonton to Fort Vermilion, Alberta.

An Avian (''Red Rose'') was used by Bill Lancaster on a successful long distance flight to Australia, and another (''Southern Cross Minor'') on his final record attempt to South Africa in 1933.

In July 1930, Winifred Brown won the King's Cup Race flying Cirrus III Avian. One Avian, piloted by Sydney Thorn, took part in the Challenge International de Tourisme 1930 with moderate success (16th place).

On 7 January 1931, Guy Menzies flew an Avian, the ''Southern Cross Junior'', from Australia to New Zealand. He was the first person to fly solo across the Tasman Sea.

A single Genet-powered Avian II was bought by the Royal Air Force, while Avians were also bought by the South African Air Force, the Chinese Naval Air Service, the Estonian Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force.

Aviatrix Beryl Markham used an Avian extensively in East Africa in the 1930s.

Variants

;Avro 581 Avian: First prototype, one 70 hp (52 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet.
;Avro 581A: Modified first prototype, one 85 hp (63 kW) ADC Cirrus and reduced span wings.Jackson 1990, p. 243.
;Avro 581E: Further modified Avro 581A for long distance flights, with new wings and modified fuselage.Jackson 1990, pp. 243–245.
;Avro 594 Avian I: Preproduction aircraft, two built.
;Avro 594 Avian II: Initial production, 85 hp (63 kW) Cirrus II engine, nine built.
;Avro 594 Avian III: Modified engine mount and tubular steel struts, 33 built.
;Avro 594 Avian IIIA: 95 hp (71 kW) Cirrus III engine, 58 built.
;Avro 594 Avian IV: Revised undercarriage and ailerons, 90 built.
;Avro 605 Avian: Two Avro 594 Avian IIIs were converted into floatplanes.
;Avro 616 Avian IVM: Steel tube fuselage. Powered by 105 hp (78 kW) Cirrus Hermes I or 100 hp (75 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major, approximately 190 built.
;Avro 616 Sports Avian: Version for racing with reduced drag, 16 built.
;Avro 616 Avian IVA: modified one-off long range version for Charles Kingsford Smith, '' Southern Cross Junior'', 120 hp (90 kW) de Havilland Gipsy II engine, with additional fuel tank and revised 30 ft span wings.
;Avro 616 Avian V: Long range single-seater again built for Charles Kingsford Smith, ''Southern Cross Minor''. Bill Lancaster would later attempt to fly solo from England to South Africa in this aircraft, and die in the attempt.
;Avro 625 Avian Monoplane: Low-wing monoplane development, two built.

Operators

Military operators

;
* Royal Canadian Air Force
;
*Chinese Nationalist Air Force
* Chinese Naval Air Service
;
* Estonian Air Force
;
* South African Air Force
;
*Spanish Republican Air Force
;
*Spanish Air Force
;
* Royal Air Force

Surviving aircraft

* 5116 – 581 on display at the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, Queensland. It is G-EBOV, the prototype Avro Avian flown by Bert Hinkler on some of his record-breaking flights.
* R3/AV/127 – Avian IV airworthy at the Golden Wings Flying Museum in Blaine, Minnesota. It was once the oldest flying aircraft in Australia and has been converted from an Avian II configuration. It is painted to represent G-EBUG, an aircraft Amelia Earhart flew across the United States in 1928–1929.
* R3/CN/160 – Avian IIIA on static display at Hooton Park in Cheshire. It carries G-EBZM and is a composite of several others.
* CN/171 G-ACGT, a Genet II powered Type 594B Avian III under restoration at Coventry, Warwickshire.
* R3/CN/314 – Avian IVM on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.
* R3/CN/316 – Avian IVM on display at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta. It has Genet engine installed and is painted as CF-CDV.
* R3/CN/318 – Avian IV on static display at Arlanda Flygsamlinga

close to Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Arlanda Airport north of Stockholm, Sweden.
* R3/CN/522 – Avian IV airworthy with Geoffrey Arthur Davis of Salisbury, South Australia.
* R3/CN/531 – Avian IV airworthy with Geoffrey Arthur Davis of Salisbury, South Australia.
* Replica – Avian IIIA on display at the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta. It is painted as G-CAVB as a memorial to a heroic flight by Wop May when he flew diphtheria medicine mid-winter to a village where an outbreak was occurring on the Canadian prairies.

Specifications (Avian IVM)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

* Donald, David, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. .
* Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". '' Air Enthusiast'', No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. .
* Grant, James Ritchie. "Anti-Clockwise: Australia the Wrong Way". ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 82, July–August 1999, pp. 60–63.
* Jackson, A.J. ''Avro Aircraft since 1908''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 2nd edition, 1990. .
* Jackson, A.J. ''British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 1''. London: Putnam, 1974. .
*

External links

NACA Aircraft Circular, Avro Avian (Genet engine)

NACA aircraft circular, Avian III



RCAF Avro Avian
Flight, 31 October 1930

{{Avro aircraft

1920s British sport aircraft
Avian
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1926