In the
neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defin ...
of
animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...
s, an avian pallium is the dorsal
telencephalon
The cerebrum, telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In ...
of a
bird's
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying animals.
Birds may also refer to:
Literature
* ''The Birds'' (play), an ancient Greek play by Aristophanes
* ''The Birds'' (novel), a novel by Tarjei Vesaas
* "The Birds" (story), ...
brain
A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a v ...
. The subpallium is the ventral
telencephalon
The cerebrum, telencephalon or endbrain is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In ...
.
The
pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : ''pallia'') is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropolit ...
of
avian
Avian may refer to:
*Birds or Aves, winged animals
*Avian (given name) (russian: Авиа́н, link=no), a male forename
Aviation
*Avro Avian, a series of light aircraft made by Avro in the 1920s and 1930s
*Avian Limited, a hang glider manufacture ...
species tends to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the
hyperpallium
The hyperpallium (formerly called the hyperstriatum or the wulst) is the destination for lemnothalamic projections in birds. The projections as well as the granular cells at the destination of the lemnothalamic projections to the hyperpallium are ...
, once called the ''hyperstriatum''.
A 2002 conference at
Duke University
Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James ...
(
Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium) established a standard nomenclature for describing the avian pallium as follows:
*
Pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman ''pallium'' or ''palla'', a woolen cloak; : ''pallia'') is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the pope, but for many centuries bestowed by the Holy See upon metropolit ...
**
pyriform cortex
The piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex, is a region in the brain, part of the rhinencephalon situated in the cerebrum. The function of the piriform cortex relates to the sense of smell.
Structure
The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalo ...
**
olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (Latin: ''bulbus olfactorius'') is a grey matter, neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of odor, smell. It sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala, the orbitof ...
**
hippocampus
The hippocampus (via Latin from Greek , 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, a ...
**
corticoid area
**
hyperpallium
The hyperpallium (formerly called the hyperstriatum or the wulst) is the destination for lemnothalamic projections in birds. The projections as well as the granular cells at the destination of the lemnothalamic projections to the hyperpallium are ...
***
apicale
***
intercalatum
***
densocellulare
**
mesopallium
***
dorsale
***
ventrale
**
nidopallium
The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also for other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomen ...
***
field L2
Field may refer to:
Expanses of open ground
* Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes
* Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport
* Battlefield
* Lawn, an area of mowed grass
* Meadow, a grass ...
***
entopallium
***
basorostralis
**
arcopallium
The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex, and a r ...
**
amygdaloid complex
Amygdaloid, derived from the ancient Greek for almond, may refer to:
* The amygdala in the brain
* Any shape resembling an almond nut
* Amygdule
Amygdules or amygdales () form when the vesicles (pores from gas bubbles in lava) of a volcanic ...
***
posterior amygdala
Posterior may refer to:
* Posterior (anatomy), the end of an organism opposite to its head
** Buttocks, as a euphemism
* Posterior horn (disambiguation)
* Posterior probability
The posterior probability is a type of conditional probability that r ...
***
nucleus taeniae
Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to:
*Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom
* Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA
Nucl ...
*
Subpallium
**
striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the striate nucleus), is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain. The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamate ...
***
lateral
Lateral is a geometric term of location which may refer to:
Healthcare
*Lateral (anatomy), an anatomical direction
*Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
*Lateral release (surgery), a surgical procedure on the side of a kneecap
Phonetics
*Lateral cons ...
***
medial
**
pallidum
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain. It consists of two adjacent segments, one external, known in rodents simply as the globus pallidus, and one internal, known in rod ...
***
globus pallidus or dorsal pallidum
***
ventral pallidum
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus.
The ...
Notable researchers
*
Stanley Cobb
Stanley Cobb (December 10, 1887 – February 25, 1968) was a neurologist and could be considered "the founder of biological psychiatry in the United States".
Early life
Cobb was born on December 10, 1887, in Brookline, Massachusetts, to John Can ...
*
Onur Güntürkün
Onur Güntürkün (born 18 July 1958, in İzmir) is a Turkish-German neuroscientist. He is professor of behavioral neuroscience at Ruhr University Bochum.
Güntürkün studied psychology at the Ruhr University Bochum from 1975 to 1980 and receive ...
See also
*
bird intelligence
The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human animals makes the subject difficult to study scientifically in birds. In general, birds have relatively large brains compared to their head size. The visual and auditory senses are ...
*
animal intelligence
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenc ...
References
External links
*{{cite journal , last1=Jarvis , first1=Erich D. , authorlink1=Erich Jarvis, last2=Güntürkün , first2=Onur , authorlink2=Onur Güntürkün, last3=Bruce , first3=Laura , last4=Csillag , first4=András , last5=Karten , first5=Harvey , last6=Kuenzel , first6=Wayne , last7=Medina , first7=Loreta , last8=Paxinos , first8=George , last9=Perkel , first9=David J. , last10=Shimizu , first10=Toru , last11=Striedter , first11=Georg , last12=Wild , first12=J. Martin , last13=Ball , first13=Gregory F. , last14=Dugas-Ford , first14=Jennifer , last15=Durand , first15=Sarah E. , last16=Hough , first16=Gerald E. , last17=Husband , first17=Scott , last18=Kubikova , first18=Lubica , last19=Lee , first19=Diane W. , last20=Mello , first20=Claudio V. , last21=Powers , first21=Alice , last22=Siang , first22=Connie , last23=Smulders , first23=Tom V. , last24=Wada , first24=Kazuhiro , last25=White , first25=Stephanie A. , last26=Yamamoto , first26=Keiko , last27=Yu , first27=Jing , last28=Reiner , first28=Anton , last29=Butler , first29=Ann B. , title=Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution , journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience , date=February 2005 , volume=6 , issue=2 , pages=151–159 , pmid=15685220, doi=10.1038/nrn1606, pmc=2507884
Bird neuroanatomy