''Autographiviridae'' is a family of

viruses A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...

in the order ''

Caudovirales ''Caudovirales'' is an order of viruses known as the tailed bacteriophages (''cauda'' is Latin for "tail"). Under the Baltimore classification scheme, the ''Caudovirales'' are group I viruses as they have double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes, ...

''. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are 373 species in this family, assigned to 9 subfamilies and 133 genera.

History

Since the 1990s, the term "T7 supergroup" has been coined for the expanding group of

bacteriophage A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a ''phage'' (), is a duplodnaviria virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ('), meaning "to devour". Bacteri ...

s related to coliphage T7, as members of the family ''

Podoviridae ''Podoviridae'' is a family of bacteriophage in the order ''Caudovirales'' often associated with T-7 like phages. There are 130 species in this family, assigned to 3 subfamilies and 52 genera. This family is characterized by having very short, n ...

''.

Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It was first proposed by Rahn in 1936, and now includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject ...

phages SP6 and K1-5 were the first to be considered as an estranged subgroup of the "T7 supergroup". ''

Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able ...

'' phage phiKMV also shared commonalities at the genome organizational level. As such, based on the available morphological and proteomic data, this clade of viruses was established as a subfamily of the family ''

''. The subfamily was later raised to the level of family in 2019.

Etymology

The name of this family, termed ''Autographiviridae'', refers to the “auto-graphein” or “self-transcribing”

phages A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a ''phage'' (), is a duplodnaviria virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ('), meaning "to devour". Bacterio ...

which encode their own (single subunit)

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...

polymerase A polymerase is an enzyme ( EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids. DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are used to assemble DNA and RNA molecules, respectively, by copying a DNA template strand using base- ...

, a common characteristic among its members.

Structure

Viruses in Autographiviridae are non-enveloped, with

icosahedral In geometry, an icosahedron ( or ) is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes and . The plural can be either "icosahedra" () or "icosahedrons". There are infinitely many non- similar shapes of icosahedra, some of them being more symmetrica ...

and Head-tail geometries, and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 60 nm. Genomes are linear, around 40-42kb in length.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. DNA templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and

holin Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's cell wall at the end of the lytic cycle. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing lysins to ...

endolysin Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases, are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages in order to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to target ...

/ spanin proteins. Bacteria serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.

Taxonomy

The following subfamilies are recognized: * '' Beijerinckvirinae'' * '' Colwellvirinae'' * '' Corkvirinae'' * '' Krylovirinae'' * '' Melnykvirinae'' * '' Molineuxvirinae'' * '' Okabevirinae'' * '' Slopekvirinae'' * '' Studiervirinae'' The following genera are unassigned to a subfamily: * '' Aegirvirus'' * '' Anchaingvirus'' * '' Aqualcavirus'' * '' Ashivirus'' * '' Atuphduovirus'' * '' Ayakvirus'' * '' Ayaqvirus'' * '' Banchanvirus'' * '' Bifseptvirus'' * '' Bonnellvirus'' * '' Cheungvirus'' * '' Chosvirus'' * '' Cuernavacavirus'' * '' Cyclitvirus'' * '' Ermolevavirus'' * '' Foturvirus'' * '' Foussvirus'' * '' Fussvirus'' * '' Gajwadongvirus'' * '' Gyeongsanvirus'' * '' Igirivirus'' * '' Jalkavirus'' * '' Jiaoyazivirus'' * '' Kafavirus'' * '' Kajamvirus'' * '' Kakivirus'' * '' Kalppathivirus'' * '' Kelmasvirus'' * '' Kembevirus'' * '' Krakvirus'' * '' Lauvirus'' * '' Limelightvirus'' * '' Lingvirus'' * '' Lirvirus'' * '' Lullwatervirus'' * '' Maculvirus'' * '' Napahaivirus'' * '' Nohivirus'' * '' Oinezvirus'' * '' Paadamvirus'' * '' Pagavirus'' * '' Pairvirus'' * '' Pedosvirus'' * '' Pekhitvirus'' * '' Pelagivirus'' * '' Percyvirus'' * '' Piedvirus'' * '' Podivirus'' * '' Pollyceevirus'' * '' Poseidonvirus'' * '' Powvirus'' * '' Pradovirus'' * '' Qadamvirus'' * '' Scottvirus'' * '' Sednavirus'' * '' Serkorvirus'' * '' Sieqvirus'' * '' Stompelvirus'' * '' Stopalavirus'' * '' Stopavirus'' * '' Stupnyavirus'' * '' Tangaroavirus'' * '' Tawavirus'' * '' Tiamatvirus'' * '' Tiilvirus'' * '' Tritonvirus'' * '' Voetvirus'' * '' Votkovvirus'' * '' Waewaevirus'' * '' Wuhanvirus'' (not to be confused with

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had a No ...

)

References

External links

Viralzone: ''Autographivirinae''

ICTV
{{Taxonbar, from=Q16835943 Virus families