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Australian English Australian English (AusE, AusEng, AuE, AuEng, en-AU) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Australia. It is the country's common language and ''de facto'' national language; while Australia has no official language, Engli ...
(AuE) is a
non-rhotic Rhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant by English speakers. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In rhotic variet ...
variety of
English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...
spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. Australian English is notable for
vowel length In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, f ...
contrasts which are absent from most English dialects. The Australian English vowels , , and are noticeably closer (pronounced with a higher tongue position) than their contemporary
Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation (RP) is the Accent (sociolinguistics), accent traditionally regarded as the Standard language, standard and most Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestigious form of spoken British English. For over a century, there has been ...
equivalents.


Vowels

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include
monophthong A monophthong ( ; , ) is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthongs, wh ...
s and
diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech o ...
s, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of
Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation (RP) is the Accent (sociolinguistics), accent traditionally regarded as the Standard language, standard and most Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestigious form of spoken British English. For over a century, there has been ...
(RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels. There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction. There are two families of phonemic transcriptions of Australian English: revised ones, which attempt to more accurately represent the phonetic sounds of Australian English; and the Mitchell-Delbridge system, which is minimally distinct from Jones' original transcription of RP. This page uses a revised transcription based on Durie and Hajek (1994) and Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) but also shows the Mitchell-Delbridge equivalents as this system is commonly used for example in the
Macquarie Dictionary The ''Macquarie Dictionary'' () is a dictionary of Australian English. It is generally considered by universities and the legal profession to be the authoritative source on Australian English. It also pays considerable attention to New Zealand ...
and much literature, even recent. * As with
General American General American English or General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm) is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans. In the United States it is often perceived as lacking any distinctly regional, ethnic, or so ...
, the
weak vowel merger The close and mid-height front vowels of English (vowels of ''i'' and ''e'' type) have undergone a variety of changes over time and often vary by dialect. Developments involving long vowels Until Great Vowel Shift Middle English had a long ...
is nearly complete in Australian English: unstressed is merged with (
schwa In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa (, rarely or ; sometimes spelled shwa) is a vowel sound denoted by the IPA symbol , placed in the central position of the vowel chart. In English and some other languages, it rep ...
) except before a following
velar Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum). Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...
.
New Zealand English New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
takes it a step further and merges all instances of with (even in stressed syllables), which is why the New Zealand pronunciation of the dish name
fish and chips Fish and chips is a popular hot dish consisting of fried fish in crispy batter, served with chips. The dish originated in England, where these two components had been introduced from separate immigrant cultures; it is not known who created t ...
as sounds like 'fush and chups' to Australians. In Australian English, is restricted to unstressed syllables, as in most dialects. * The trap-bath split is a regional variable in Australia, with the vowel being more common in
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
than elsewhere. This is due to the fact that that state was settled later than the rest of Australia, when the lengthened pronunciation was already a feature of London speech. Research done by shows that the word ''graph'' is pronounced with the vowel () by 86% speakers from
Adelaide Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...
, whereas 100% speakers from
Hobart Hobart ( ; Nuennonne/Palawa kani: ''nipaluna'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Home to almost half of all Tasmanians, it is the least-populated Australian state capital city, and second-small ...
use the vowel in this word: . There are words in which the vowel is much less common; for instance, Crystal reports that both the word ''grasp'' and the verb ''to contrast'' are most commonly pronounced with the vowel: , . This also affects the pronunciation of some placenames; Castlemaine is locally , but speakers from outside of
Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...
often pronounce that name by analogy to the noun ''castle'' in their local accent.


Monophthongs

*The target for is closer to cardinal than in other dialects. The aforementioned phrase ''fish and chips'' as pronounced by an Australian ( in narrow transcription) can sound a lot like ''feesh and cheeps'' to speakers of New Zealand English and other dialects, whereas words such as ''bit'' and ''sit'' may sound like ''beat'' and ''seat'', respectively. *The sound is usually pronounced as a diphthong (or disyllabically , like ) only in open syllables. In closed syllables, it is distinguished from primarily by length and from by the significant onset in the latter. * tends to be higher than the corresponding vowel in General American or RP. The typical realization is close-mid , although for some speakers it may be even closer (according to John Wells, this pronunciation can occur only in Broad varieties). A recent change is the ''lowering'' of to the region. *For some Victorian speakers, has merged with in pre-lateral environments, and thus the words ''celery'' and ''salary'' are homophonous as . See salary-celery merger. *The sound is traditionally transcribed and analysed the same as the short , but minimal pairs exist in at least some Australians' speech.Durie, M.; Hajek, J (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 14: 93–107 It is found in the adjectives ''bad'', ''mad'', ''glad'' and ''sad'', before the sound (for example, ''hag'', ''rag'', ''bag'') and also in content words before and in the same syllable (for example, ''ham'', ''tan'', ''plant''). In
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
, ''plant'' is usually pronounced with the vowel sound , as in ''rather'' and ''father''. In some speakers, especially those with the broad accent, and will be shifted toward and , respectively. *There is æ-tensing before a
nasal consonant In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majorit ...
. The nasal sounds create changes in preceding vowels because air can flow into the nose during the vowel. Nasal consonants can also affect the articulation of a vowel. Thus, for many speakers, the vowel in words like ''jam'', ''man'', ''dam'' and ''hand'' is shifted towards . This is also present in
General American General American English or General American (abbreviated GA or GenAm) is the umbrella accent of American English spoken by a majority of Americans. In the United States it is often perceived as lacking any distinctly regional, ethnic, or so ...
and
Cockney English Cockney is an accent and dialect of English, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by working-class and lower middle-class Londoners. The term "Cockney" has traditionally been used to describe a person from the East End, or b ...
. Length has become the main difference between words like 'ban' and 'Ben', with 'ban' pronounced and 'Ben' pronounced . * is pronounced as open front by many younger speakers. *As with
New Zealand English New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
, the / vowel in words like ''park'' , ''calm'' and ''farm'' is central (in the past even front) in terms of tongue position and non-rhotic. This is the same vowel sound used by speakers of the
Boston accent A Boston accent is a local accent of Eastern New England English, native specifically to the city of Boston and its suburbs. Northeastern New England English is classified as traditionally including New Hampshire, Maine, and all of eastern Mass ...
of North Eastern New England in the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
. Thus the phrase ''park the car'' is said identically by a New Zealander, Australian or Bostonian. This vowel is only distinguished from the vowel by length, thus: ''park'' versus ''puck'' . *The phoneme is pronounced at least as high as (), and has a lowered F3 that might indicate that it is rounded .Cox, Felicity (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics 26: 147–179 The glyph is used — rather than or — as most revisions of the phonemic orthography for Australian English predate the 1993 modifications to the International Phonetic Alphabet. At the time, was suitable for any mid central vowel, rounded or unrounded. * The schwa is a highly variable sound. For this reason, it is not shown on the vowel charts to the right. The word-final schwa in ''comma'' and ''letter'' is often lowered to so that it strongly resembles the vowel : . As the latter is a checked vowel (meaning that it cannot occur in a final stressed position) and the lowering of is not categorical (meaning that those words can be also pronounced and , whereas ''strut'' is never pronounced ), this sound is considered to belong to the phoneme. The word-initial schwa (as in ''enduring'' ) is typically mid : . In the word-internal position (as in ''bottom'' ), is raised to : , as in American English ''roses'' . Thus, the difference between the of ''paddock'' and the of ''panic'' lies in the backness of the vowels, rather than their height: . In the rest of the article, those allophones of are all transcribed with the broad symbol : etc. is also broadly transcribed with : , which does not capture its closeness.


Diphthongs

*The vowel has an onset , except before laterals. The onset is often lowered to , so that ''beat'' is for some speakers. *As in American English and modern RP, the final vowel in words like ''happy'' and ''city'' is pronounced as (''happee'', ''citee''), not as (
happy-tensing The close and mid-height front vowels of English (vowels of ''i'' and ''e'' type) have undergone a variety of changes over time and often vary by dialect. Developments involving long vowels Until Great Vowel Shift Middle English had a lon ...
). *In some parts of Australia, a fully backed allophone of , transcribed , is common before . As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers. The usual allophone is further forward in New South Wales than Victoria. It is moving further forwards, however, in both regions at a similar rate. *The second elements of and on the one hand and on the other are somewhat different. The first two approach the vowel , whereas the ending point of is more similar to the vowel , which is why it tends to be written with in modern sources. John Wells writes this phoneme , with the same ending point as and (which he writes with and ). However, the second element of is not nearly as different from that of the other fronting-closing diphthongs as the ending point of is from that of , which is the reason why is used in this article. *The first element of may be raised and rounded in broad accents. *The first element of is significantly lower than in many other dialects of English. *There is significant allophonic variation in , including a backed allophone before a word-final or preconsonantal . The first part of this allophone is in the same position as , but differs from it in that it possesses an additional closing glide, which also makes it longer than . * is shifted to among some speakers. This realisation has its roots in
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
, but is becoming more common among younger speakers across the country. *The phoneme is rare and almost extinct. Most speakers consistently use or (before ) instead. Many cases of RP are pronounced instead with the phoneme in Australian English. "pour" and "poor", "more" and "moor" and "shore" and "sure" are homophones, but "tore" and "tour" remain distinct.


Examples of vowels

*One needs to be very careful of the symbol , which represents different vowels: the vowel in the Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) system (transcribed in the other system), but the vowel in the Mitchell-Delbridge system (transcribed in the other system). *The fourth column is the OED transcription, taken from the OED website. It differs somewhat from the ad hoc Wikipedia transcription used in this article. In a few instances the OED example word differs from the others given in this table; these are appended at the end of the second column following a semicolon.


Consonants

Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. A table containing the
consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are and pronounced with the lips; and pronounced with the front of the tongue; and pronounced wit ...
phoneme In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme () is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-west o ...
s is given below. ;
Non-rhoticity Rhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant by English speakers. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In rhotic variet ...
*Australian English is non-rhotic; in other words, the sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. So the words ''butter'' , ''here'' and ''park'' will not contain the sound. ; Linking and intrusive *The sound can occur when a word that has a final in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. For example, in ''car alarm'' the sound can occur in ''car'' because here it comes before another word beginning with a vowel. The words ''far'', ''far more'' and ''farm'' do not contain an but ''far out'' will contain the linking sound because the next word starts with a vowel sound. *An intrusive may be inserted before a
vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (leng ...
in words that do not have in the spelling. For example, ''drawing'' will sound like ''draw-ring'', ''saw it'' will sound like ''sore it'', ''the tuner is'' and ''the tuna is'' will both be . This occurs between , and and the following vowel regardless of the historical presence or absence of . Between , and (and whenever it stems from the earlier ) and the following vowel, the -ful pronunciation is the historical one. ;
Flapping Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or ''t''-voicing, is a phonological process found in many varieties of English, especially North American, Cardiff, Ulster, Australian and New Zealand English, whereby ...
*
Intervocalic In phonetics and phonology, an intervocalic consonant is a consonant that occurs between two vowels. Intervocalic consonants are often associated with lenition, a phonetic process that causes consonants to weaken and eventually disappear entirel ...
(and for some speakers ) undergo voicing and flapping to the
alveolar tap Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit. Uses in anatomy and zoology * Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs ** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte ** Alveolar duct ** Alveolar macrophage * M ...
after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels (as in ''butter'', ''party'') and syllabic or (''bottle'' , ''button'' ), as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel (''what else'' , ''whatever'' ). For those speakers where also undergoes the change, there will be
homophony In music, homophony (;, Greek: ὁμόφωνος, ''homóphōnos'', from ὁμός, ''homós'', "same" and φωνή, ''phōnē'', "sound, tone") is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh ou ...
, for example, ''metal'' and ''medal'' or ''petal'' and ''pedal'' will sound the same ( and , respectively). In formal speech is retained. in the cluster can elide. As a result, in quick speech, words like ''winner'' and ''winter'' can become homophonous (as ). This is a quality that Australian English shares most notably with
North American English North American English (NAmE, NAE) is the most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in the United States and Canada. Because of their related histories and cultures, plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), v ...
. ;
T-glottalisation In English phonology, ''t''-glottalization or ''t''-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents, particularly in the United Kingdom, that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop in certain position ...
*Some speakers use a
glottal stop The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents thi ...
as an allophone of in final position, for example ''trait'', ''habit''; or in medial position, such as a followed by a syllabic is often realized as a glottal stop, for example ''button'' or ''fatten''. Alveolar pronunciations nevertheless predominate. ;Pronunciation of * The alveolar lateral approximant is velarised in pre-pausal and preconsonantal positions and often also in morpheme-final positions before a vowel. There have been some suggestions that onset is also velarised, although that needs to be further researched. Some speakers
vocalise A vocal warm-up is a series of exercises meant to prepare the voice for singing, acting, or other use. There is very little scientific data about the benefits of vocal warm-ups. Relatively few studies have researched the effects of thesexercis ...
preconsonantal, syllable-final and syllabic instances of to a close back vowel similar to , so that ''milk'' can be pronounced and ''noodle'' . This is more common in
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
than elsewhere. ;
Yod-dropping The phonological history of the English language includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters. H-cluster reductions The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, inv ...
and
coalescence Coalescence may refer to: * Coalescence (chemistry), the process by which two or more separate masses of miscible substances seem to "pull" each other together should they make the slightest contact * Coalescence (computer science), the merging of ...
*Standard Australian English usually coalesces and into and respectively. Because of this palatalisation, ''dune'' is pronounced as , exactly like ''June'', and the first syllable of ''Tuesday'' is pronounced like ''choose'' . That said, there is stylistic and social variation in this feature. and in the clusters and are similarly affricated. *Word initial and have merged with and respectively. Other cases of and are often pronounced respectively and , as in ''assume'' and ''resume'' (''ashume'' and ''rezhume''). *Similarly, has merged with word initially. Remaining cases of are often pronounced simply as in colloquial speech. * and other common sequences of consonant plus , are retained. *For some speakers, (or "sh") may be uttered instead of /s/ before the stressed /tj/ sound in words like ''student'', ''history'', ''eschew'', ''street'' and ''Australia'' – As a result, in quick speech, ''eschew'' will sound like ''esh-chew''. According to author Wayne P. Lawrence, "this phonemic change seems to be neither dialectal nor regional", as it can also be found among some American, Canadian, British and New Zealand English speakers as well.


Other features

*Between voiced sounds, the glottal fricative may be realised as voiced , so that e.g. ''behind'' may be pronounced as either or . *The sequence is realised as a voiceless palatal fricative , so that e.g. ''huge'' is pronounced . *The word ''foyer'' is usually pronounced , as in NZ and American English, rather than as in British English. *The word ''data'' is commonly pronounced , with being the second most common, and being very rare. *The ''trans-'' prefix is pronounced , even in
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
, where the
trap–bath split The – split is a vowel split that occurs mainly in Southern English in England (including Received Pronunciation), Australian English, New Zealand English, Indian English, South African English and to a lesser extent in some Welsh Engli ...
is significantly more advanced than in other states. *In English, upward inflexion (a rise in the pitch of the voice at the end of an utterance) typically signals a question. Some Australian English speakers commonly use a form of upward inflexion in their speech that is not associated with asking questions. Some speakers use upward inflexion as a way of including their conversational partner in the dialogue. This is also common in
Californian English California English (or Californian English) collectively refers to varieties of American English native to California. A distinctive vowel shift was first noted by linguists in the 1980s in southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area of no ...
.


Relationship to other varieties

Australian English pronunciation is most similar to that of
New Zealand English New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
: many people from other parts of the world often cannot distinguish them but there are differences. New Zealand English has centralised and the other short front vowels are higher. New Zealand English more strongly maintains the diphthongal quality of the NEAR and SQUARE vowels and they can be merged as something around . New Zealand English does not have the bad-lad split, but like Victoria has merged with in pre-lateral environments. Both New Zealand English and Australian English are also similar to
South African English South African English (SAfrE, SAfrEng, SAE, en-ZA) is the set of English language dialects native to South Africans. History British settlers first arrived in the South African region in 1795, when they established a military holding op ...
, so that they have even been grouped together under the common label " southern hemisphere Englishes". Like the other two varieties in that group, Australian English pronunciation bears some similarities to dialects from the South-East of Britain; Thus, it is
non-rhotic Rhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant by English speakers. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In rhotic variet ...
and has the trap-bath split although, as indicated above, this split was not completed in Australia as it was in England, so many words that have the vowel in Southeastern England retain the vowel in Australia. Historically, the Australian English speaking manuals endorsed the lengthening of before unvoiced fricatives however this has since been reversed. Australian English lacks some innovations in Cockney since the settling of Australia, such as the use of a
glottal stop The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents thi ...
in many places where a would be found,
th-fronting ''Th''-fronting is the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When ''th''-fronting is applied, becomes (for example, ''three'' is pronounced as ''free'') and becomes (for example, ''bathe'' is pronounced as ''bave''). (Here "fron ...
, and
h-dropping ''H''-dropping or aitch-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "''H''-sound", . The phenomenon is common in many dialects of English, and is also found in certain other languages, either as a purely historical developmen ...
.
Flapping Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or ''t''-voicing, is a phonological process found in many varieties of English, especially North American, Cardiff, Ulster, Australian and New Zealand English, whereby ...
, which Australian English shares with New Zealand English and North American English, is also found in Cockney, where it occurs as a common alternative to the glottal stop in the intervocalic position. The word ''butter'' as pronounced by an Australian or a New Zealander can be homophonous with the Cockney pronunciation (which can be instead).


AusTalk

AusTalk is a database of Australian speech from all regions of the country. Initially, 1000 adult voices were planned to be recorded in the period between June 2011 and June 2016. By the end of it, voices of 861 speakers with ages ranging from 18 to 83 were recorded into the database, each lasting approximately an hour. The database is expected to be expanded in future, to include children's voices and more variations. As well as providing a resource for cultural studies, the database is expected to help improve speech-based technology, such as
speech recognition Speech recognition is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and computational linguistics that develops methodologies and technologies that enable the recognition and translation of spoken language into text by computers with the m ...
systems and
hearing aid A hearing aid is a device designed to improve hearing by making sound audible to a person with hearing loss. Hearing aids are classified as medical devices in most countries, and regulated by the respective regulations. Small audio amplifiers su ...
s. The AusTalk database was collected as part of the Big Australian Speech Corpus (Big ASC) project, a collaboration between Australian universities and the speech technology experts.


See also

* New Zealand English phonology * South African English phonology *
Regional accents of English Spoken English shows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language. For example, the United Kingdom has the largest variation of accents of any country in the world, and therefore no single "British accent" exists. This ar ...


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * Palethorpe, S. and Cox, F. M. (2003
Vowel Modification in Pre-lateral Environments
Poster presented at the International Seminar on Speech Production, December 2003, Sydney. * *


Further reading

* * *


External links


Macquarie University - Australian voices
{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian English Phonology English phonology Australian English