Decimius Magnus Ausonius (; – c. 395) was a
Roman poet and
teacher
A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
''Informally'' the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. whe ...
of
rhetoric
Rhetoric () is the art of persuasion, which along with grammar and logic (or dialectic), is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric aims to study the techniques writers or speakers utilize to inform, persuade, or motivate parti ...
from
Burdigala
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
in
Aquitaine
Aquitaine ( , , ; oc, Aquitània ; eu, Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Aguiéne''), archaic Guyenne or Guienne ( oc, Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region of the country. Since 1 January ...
, modern
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. For a time he was tutor to the future emperor
Gratian
Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and wa ...
, who afterwards bestowed the
consulship
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...
on him. His best-known poems are ''Mosella'', a description of the river
Moselle, and ''Ephemeris'', an account of a typical day in his life. His many other verses show his concern for his family, friends, teachers, and circle of well-to-do acquaintances and his delight in the technical handling of
meter
The metre (British spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit , from the Greek noun , "measure"), symbol m, is the primary unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), though its pref ...
.
Biography
Decimius Magnus Ausonius was born in
Burdigala
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
, the son of Julius Ausonius (c. AD 290–378), a
physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...
of
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
ancestry,
[The Cambridge History of Classical Literature, Edward John Kenney, Cambridge University Press, p.16] and Aemilia Aeonia, daughter of Caecilius Argicius Arborius, descended on both sides from established, land-owning
Gallo-Roman
Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of the Roman Empire. It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman culture, language, morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context ...
families of southwestern
Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...
.
Ausonius was given a strict upbringing by his aunt and grandmother, both named Aemilia. He received an excellent education at Bordeaux and at Toulouse, where his maternal uncle,
Aemilius Magnus Arborius
Aemilius Magnus Arborius (4th century) was a Gallo-Roman Latin poet and professor. He was the author of a poem in ninety-two lines in elegiac verse, titled ''Ad Nympham nimis cultam'', which cleverly alludes to Classical authors. The poem was rep ...
, was a professor. Ausonius did well in grammar and rhetoric, but professed that his progress in
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
was unsatisfactory. In 328 Arborius was summoned to Constantinople to become tutor to
Constans
Flavius Julius Constans ( 323 – 350), sometimes called Constans I, was Roman emperor from 337 to 350. He held the imperial rank of '' caesar'' from 333, and was the youngest son of Constantine the Great.
After his father's death, he was mad ...
, the youngest son of Constantine the Great, whereupon Ausonius returned to Bordeaux to complete his education under the rhetorician Minervius Alcimus.
Having completed his studies, he trained for some time as an advocate, but he preferred teaching. In 334 he became a ''grammaticus'' (instructor) at a school of rhetoric in Bordeaux, and afterwards a ''rhetor'' or professor. His teaching attracted many pupils, some of whom became eminent in public life. His most famous pupil was the poet
Paulinus, who later became a
Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
and
Bishop of Nola.
After thirty years of this work Ausonius was summoned by emperor
Valentinian I
Valentinian I ( la, Valentinianus; 32117 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor, he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces. Vale ...
to teach his son,
Gratian
Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and wa ...
, the heir-apparent. When Valentinian took Gratian on the German campaigns of 368–9, Ausonius accompanied them. Ausonius was able to turn literary skill into political capital. In recognition of his services emperor Valentinian bestowed on Ausonius the rank of
quaestor
A ( , , ; "investigator") was a public official in Ancient Rome. There were various types of quaestors, with the title used to describe greatly different offices at different times.
In the Roman Republic, quaestors were elected officials who ...
. His presence at court gave Ausonius the opportunity to connect with a number of influential people. In 369 he met
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus signo Eusebius (, ; c. 345 – 402) was a Roman statesman, orator, and man of letters. He held the offices of governor of proconsular Africa in 373, urban prefect of Rome in 384 and 385, and consul in 391. Symmachus s ...
; their friendship proved mutually beneficial.
Gratian liked and respected his tutor, and when he himself became emperor in 375 he began bestowing on Ausonius and his family the highest civil honors. That year Ausonius was made Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, campaigned against the
Alemanni and received as part of his booty a slave-girl,
Bissula
Bissula (flourished in 4th century AD) was an Alemannic woman in the 4th century. She was captured by the Romans in 368 at a young age, and became a slave of the Roman poet Ausonius
Decimius Magnus Ausonius (; – c. 395) was a Roman po ...
(to whom he addressed a poem), while his father, though nearly ninety years old, was given the rank of Prefect of Illyricum.
In 376 Ausonius's son,
Hesperius, was made
proconsul
A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority.
In the Roman Republic, military command, or ' ...
of Africa. In 379 Ausonius was awarded the
consulate
A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of diplomatic mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth coun ...
, the highest Roman honor.
In 383 the army of Britain, led by
Magnus Maximus
Magnus Maximus (; cy, Macsen Wledig ; died 8 August 388) was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383 through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I.
He was made emperor in B ...
, revolted against
Gratian
Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and wa ...
and assassinated him at Lyons; and when emperor
Valentinian II
Valentinian II ( la, Valentinianus; 37115 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman empire between AD 375 and 392. He was at first junior co-ruler of his brother, was then sidelined by a usurper, and only after 388 sole rule ...
was driven out of Italy, Ausonius retired to his estates near
Burdigala
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture ...
(now Bordeaux) in Gaul. When
Magnus Maximus
Magnus Maximus (; cy, Macsen Wledig ; died 8 August 388) was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383 through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I.
He was made emperor in B ...
was overthrown by emperor
Theodosius I
Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...
in 388, Ausonius did not leave his country estates. They were, he says, his ''nidus senectutis'', the "nest of his old age", and there he spent the rest of his days, composing poetry and writing to many eminent contemporaries, several of whom had been his pupils. His estates supposedly included the land now owned by
Château Ausone
Château Ausone is a Bordeaux wine from Saint-Émilion appellation, previously ranked Premier Grand Cru Classé (A) in the Classification of Saint-Émilion wine but does not hold this rank after the 2022 reclassification. The winery is located ...
, which takes its name from him.
Ausonius appears to have been a late and perhaps not very enthusiastic convert to
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...
. He died about 395.
His grandson,
Paulinus of Pella Paulinus of Pella (377 – after 461) was a Christian poet of the fifth century. He wrote the autobiographical poem ''Eucharisticos'' ("Thanksgiving"). His poem is frequently used as an example of life in Gaul in the fifth century during the wan ...
, was also a poet; his works attest to the devastation which Ausonius's Gaul would face soon after his death.
List of his works
* ''Epigrammata Ausonii de diversis rebus''. About 120 epigrams on various topics.
* ''Ephemeris''. A description of the occupations of the day from morning till evening, in various meters, composed before 367. Only the beginning and end are preserved.
* ''Parentalia''. 30 poems of various lengths, mostly in elegiac meter, on deceased relations, composed after his consulate, when he had already been a widower for 36 years.
* ''Commemoratio professorum Burdigalensium'' or ''Professores''. A continuation of the ''Parentalia'', dealing with the famous teachers of his native Bordeaux whom he had known.
* ''Epitaphia''. 26 epitaphs of heroes from the Trojan war, translated from Greek
* ''Caesares''. On the 12 emperors described by
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...
.
* ''
Ordo urbium nobilium
''Ordo Urbium Nobilium'' is a Latin poem in dactylic hexameter by Decimus Magnus Ausonius.Chris Wickham, ''The Inheritance of Rome'', p. 24 It was written after a journey Ausonius took through the Roman Empire between the years 388 and 390 CE. The ...
''. 14 pieces, dealing with 17 towns (Rome to Bordeaux), in hexameters, and composed after the downfall of Maximus in 388.
* ''Ludus VII Sapientium''. A kind of puppet play in which the seven wise men appear successively and have their say.
* The so-called ''Idyllia''. 20 pieces are grouped under this arbitrary title, the most famous of which is the ''Mosella''. It also includes:
** ''Griphus ternarii numeri''
** ''De aetatibus Hesiodon''
** ''Monosticha de aerumnis Herculis''
** ''De ambiguitate eligendae vitae''
![Ausone Buridigala](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Ausone_Buridigala.jpg)
** ''De viro bono''
** ''EST et NON''
** ''De rosis nascentibus'' (dubious)
** ''Versus paschales''
** ''Epicedion in patrem''
** ''Technopaegnion''
** ''
Cento nuptialis, composed of lines and half-lines of Vergil.
** ''
Bissula
Bissula (flourished in 4th century AD) was an Alemannic woman in the 4th century. She was captured by the Romans in 368 at a young age, and became a slave of the Roman poet Ausonius
Decimius Magnus Ausonius (; – c. 395) was a Roman po ...
''
** ''Protrepticus''
** ''Genethliacon''
* ''Eglogarum liber''. A collection of all kinds of astronomical and astrological versifications in epic and elegiac meter.
* ''Epistolarum liber''. 25 verse letters in various meters.
* ''Ad Gratianum gratiarum actio pro consulatu''. Prose speech of thanks to the emperor
Gratian
Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and wa ...
on the occasion of attaining the consulship, delivered at
Treves
Trier ( , ; lb, Tréier ), formerly known in English as Trèves ( ;) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the w ...
in 379.
* ''Periochae Homeri Iliadis et Odyssiae''. A prose summary of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to but probably not written by Ausonius.
* ''Praefatiunculae''. Prefaces by the poet to various collections of his poems, including a response to the emperor
Theodosius I
Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...
's request for his poems.
Some characteristics of his works
Although admired by his contemporaries, the writings of Ausonius have not since been ranked among
Latin literature
Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. The beginning of formal Latin literature dates to 240 BC, when the first stage play in Latin was performed in Rome. Latin literature ...
's finest. His style is easy and fluent, and his ''Mosella'' is appreciated for its evocation of the life and country along the river
Moselle; but he is considered derivative and unoriginal.
Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (; 8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English historian, writer, and member of parliament. His most important work, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, is k ...
pronounced in his ''
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon. It traces Western civilization (as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests) from the height of the Roman Empire to th ...
'' that "the poetical fame of Ausonius condemns the taste of his age." However, his works have several points of interest; for example:
1. his references to
wine
Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are m ...
making, frequently cited by historians as early evidence of large-scale
viticulture
Viticulture (from the Latin word for ''vine'') or winegrowing (wine growing) is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, ran ...
in the now-famous wine country around his native
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...
.
2. his contribution to the ''
carpe diem'' topic (if the following poem is indeed his):
3. his somewhat unique ''Cento Nuptialis'', in which he fulfils an imperial commission to compose an
epithalamium
An epithalamium (; Latin form of Greek ἐπιθαλάμιον ''epithalamion'' from ἐπί ''epi'' "upon," and θάλαμος ''thalamos'' nuptial chamber) is a poem written specifically for the bride on the way to her marital chamber. This form ...
using the "love is war" trope
[See, for example, the discussion in ]
Ausonius and Proba on “love is war” and brutalizing men’s sexuality
' (retrieved, 1 July 2020). by writing it in the form of a
cento
The Middle East Treaty Organization (METO), also known as the Baghdad Pact and subsequently known as the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed in 24 February 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Tur ...
(in other words, a
mashup) lifting lines from
Vergil
Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: t ...
:
Saw mill
![Römische Sägemühle](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/R%C3%B6mische_S%C3%A4gem%C3%BChle.svg)
His writings are also remarkable for mentioning, in passing, the working of a
water mill
A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production o ...
sawing marble on a tributary of the
Moselle:
![Sutters_mill](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Sutters_Mill.jpg)
The excerpt sheds new light on the development of
Roman technology
Roman technology is the collection of antiques, skills, methods, processes, and engineering practices which supported Roman civilization and made possible the expansion of the economy and military of ancient Rome (753 BC – 476 AD).
The Roma ...
in using water power for different applications. It is one of the rare references in
Roman literature
Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language. The beginning of formal Latin literature dates to 240 BC, when the first stage play in Latin was performed in Rome. Latin literature ...
to water mills used to cut stone, but is a logical consequence of the application of water power to mechanical sawing of stone (and presumably wood also). Earlier references to the widespread use of mills occur in
Vitruvius
Vitruvius (; c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled ''De architectura''. He originated the idea that all buildings should have three attribute ...
in his''
De Architectura
(''On architecture'', published as ''Ten Books on Architecture'') is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide f ...
'' of circa 25 BC, and the''
Naturalis Historia
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...
'' of
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...
published in 77 AD. Such applications of mills were to multiply again after the fall of the Empire through the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
into the modern era. The mills at
Barbegal
The Barbegal aqueduct and mills is a Roman watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône, near the town of Arles, in southern France. The complex has been referred to as "the greatest known concentra ...
in southern
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
are famous for their application of water power to grinding grain to make flour and were built in the 1st century AD. They consisted of 16 mills in a parallel sequence on a hill near
Arles
Arles (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Arle ; Classical la, Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of ...
.
The construction of a saw mill is even simpler than a flour or grinding mill, since no gearing is needed, and the rotary saw blade can be driven direct from the water wheel axle, as the example of
Sutter's Mill
Sutter's Mill was a water-powered sawmill on the bank of the South Fork American River in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California. It was named after its owner John Sutter. A worker constructing the mill, James W. Marshall, found gol ...
in California shows. However, a different mechanism is shown by the sawmill at
Hieropolis
Hierapolis (; grc, Ἱεράπολις, lit. "Holy City") was originally a Phrygian cult centre of the Anatolian mother goddess of Cybele and later a Greek city. Its location was centred upon the remarkable and copious hot springs in classica ...
involving a frame saw operated through a crank and connecting rod.
See also
Notes
References
*
*
*
Further reading
* Booth, Alan D. 1982. "The Academic Career of Ausonius." ''Phoenix'' 36: 329–343.
*Brown, Peter. 2014. In ''Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 185–207.
* Della Corte, Francesco. 1977. “Bissula.” ''Romanobarbarica'' 2:17–25.
*Dill, Samuel. 1898. "The Society Of Aquitaine In The Time Of Ausonius." In ''Roman Society In The Last Century Of The Western Empire.'' London: Macmillan, 167–186.
* Green, R. P. H. 1999. "Ausonius’ Fasti and Caesares Revisited." ''Classical Quarterly'' 49:573–578.
* Kay, N. M. 2001. ''Ausonius: Epigrams.'' London: Duckworth.
* Knight, Gillian R. 2005. "Friendship and Erotics in the Late Antique Verse-Epistle: Ausonius to Paulinus Revisited." ''Rheinisches Museum'' 148:361–403.
* Shanzer, Danuta. 1998. "The Date and Literary Context of Ausonius's Mosella: Valentinian I's Alemannic Campaigns and an unnamed office-holder." ''Historia'' 47.2: 204–233.
* Sivan, Hagith. 1993. ''Ausonius of Bordeaux: Genesis of a Gallic Aristocracy.'' London and New York: Routledge.
* Sivan, Hagith. 1992. "The Dedicatory Presentation in Late Antiquity: The Example of Ausonius." Illinois Classical Studies 17.1: 83–101.
* Sowers, Brian P. 2016. "Amicitia and Late Antique Nugae: Reading Ausonius' Reading Community." ''American Journal of Philology.'' 137.3: 511–540.
* Taylor, Rabun. 2009. "Death, the Maiden, and the Mirror: Ausonius's Water World." ''Arethusa'' 42.2: 181-205
* Yaceczko, Lionel. 2021. ''Ausonius Grammaticus: the Christening of Philology in the Late Roman West.'' Gorgias Press.
External links
Works by Ausonius at Perseus Digital LibraryWorks by Ausoniusat the
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...
Latin text of ''Mosella''Ausonius' Opera Omnia IntraText Digital Library
wiki text and translation of Moselle*
Wikipedia France: Ausone, vie et travaux
Ausoniusa
Somni
{{Authority control
4th-century births
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4th-century Christians
4th-century Gallo-Roman people
4th-century Latin writers
4th-century Roman poets
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Imperial Roman consuls
Writers from Bordeaux
Praetorian prefects of Gaul
Roman-era Greeks
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