Atrophaneura Polyeuctes

''Byasa polyeuctes'', the common windmill, is the most common member in India of the windmills genus (''Byasa''), comprising tailed black swallowtail butterflies with white spots and red submarginal crescents.

Range

This butterfly lives in Pakistan, northern ranges of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, southern China (including Yunnan) and Taiwan.

In India, the Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh to Sikkim, Assam onto Chinese South Tibet region and northern Myanmar.

Status

Overall, the butterfly is not rare. It is common in parts of Sikkim but becomes rarer westwards. It is extremely scarce in Shimla though not rare from Kangra.

In the west it ranges from the Azad Kashmir disputed territory part of the wider Kashmir region of Pakistan and India.

Description

* Length 110 to 140 mm
* Sexes alike
* Black and white above with prominent swallowtail
* Red bodied - tail has a red tip
* Forewings completely black above and below
* Hindwings crenulated deeply twice on each side of swallowtail. Large oblong white discal spot in 5 (both upperside and underside) and sometimes in 4. Upperside hindwing has irregular marginal red crescents in 1a, 2 and 3 and a small white spot in 4.

Taxonomy

* ''Atrophaneura philoxenus'' Gray is considered a synonym.
* A species ''Atrophaneura lama'' ( Oberthür), described from western China, is regarded as a subspecies of ''A. polyeuctes'' (now ''Byasa'') by some.

Subspecies

It has four subspecies, two of which occur in India:
* ''B. p. polyeuctes'' Doubleday Sikkim to Myanmar - common
* ''B. p. philoxenus'' Gray Kashmir to Nepal - not rare
* ''B. p. lama'' (Oberthür, 1876) West China
* ''B. p. termessus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1908) Taiwan

Related species

* The three common species of windmills can be recognised by the differences in shape, number and location of white spots.
** Rose windmill, ''Byasa latreillei'', has a white discal band in 2, 3, 4 beyond the cell which is clearly trifurcated by black veins. A slightly smaller butterfly, the rose windmill has rose coloured lunules.
** Great windmill, ''Byasa dasarada'', has a number of two white spots in 4, 5 on the upperside of the hindwing and three spots on 4, 5 and 6 on the underside of the hindwing. It is a slightly larger butterfly with a broader swallowtail.
* Other windmills are smaller, rarer and have small differentiating characters from the above three common windmills. See the individual articles for more information:
** de Nicéville's windmill ('' Byasa polla'', de Nicéville)
** Nevill's windmill (''Byasa nevilli'', Wood-Mason)
** Black windmill (''Byasa crassipes'', Oberthür)
** Chinese windmill (''Byasa plutonius'', Oberthür), two subspecies of which occur in India.

Habitat

This butterfly prefers forests and woods. It frequents river valleys. It occurs at low elevations () in north east India but is found at higher altitudes in the western extent of its range – up to in Kashmir.

Habits

This butterfly has a leisurely flight high above, but is easily recognisable by the thin long forewings and hindwings. It is attracted to flowers and visits '' Clemanthe'', '' Buddleia'', '' Lantana'' and ''Rhododendron'' blossoms.

It is mimicked by a day flying moth ''Epicopa'' (or ''Epicopia'') ''polydorus'', which flies at the same period and over the same range as the common windmill and has much the same manner and habits.

Life cycle

This species has several broods where it finds suitable climate. It is seen on the wing between April and September. The imago has a foul odour.

Food plants

* Family Nepenthaceae
** ''Nepenthes'' species
* Family Aristolochiaceae
** ''Aristolochia griffithi''
** ''Aristolochia shimadai''

See also

* Papilionidae
* List of butterflies of India
* List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)

References

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External links

Global Butterfly Information System
text, images including holotypes of ''hostilius'' Fruhstorfer, 1908, ''lama'' Oberthür, 1876, ''letincius'' Fruhstorfer, 1908, ''punchi'' Bang-Haas, 1933, ''roseus'' Draeseke, 1923 and ''termessus'' Fruhstorfer, 1908

{{Taxonbar, from=Q13862105

Byasa
Butterflies of Asia
Insects of Pakistan
Butterflies described in 1842