''Atriplex holocarpa'' is a low-growing species of ''

Atriplex ''Atriplex'' () is a plant genus of about 250 species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache (; also spelled orach). It belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae ''s.l.''. The genus is quite variable and w ...

'' (saltbush) found throughout arid regions of Australia.Moore, P (2005). A guide to plants of inland Australia. Reed New Holland, ''A. holocarpa'' is commonly known as pop saltbush (a name it shares with ''

Atriplex spongiosa ''Atriplex spongiosa'', the pop saltbush (a name it shares with ''Atriplex holocarpa''), is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in refere ...

''), because its carpals pop when stepped upon.Cunningham, G. M., Mulhorne, W. E., Milthorpe, P. L., Leigh and J. H. (1992). ''Plants of Western New South Wales'', Inkata Press : Melbourne and Sydney. ''Atriplex holocarpa'' was described by Ferdinand von Mueller during his 1859 voyages through inland Australia. The name 'Atriplex' is from the Latin ''atriplexum'', meaning 'orache', a plant used in ancient times as spinach substitute Australian National Herbarium, Atriplex nummularia, https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2007/atriplex-nummularia.html The Latin ''holocarpa'' describes the spongey carpel and ''holocarpa'' denotes the plant's whole (holo-) carpel (-carpa). Atriplex species are typified by seeds enclosed in hard or spongey bodies consisting of two small bracts.

Description

''Atriplex holocarpa'' is a small, short-lived forb measuring between 10 and 30 cm. ''A. holocarpa'' has small, broadly ovate silvery green leaves irregularly notched margins. The leaves turn purplish on maturity.Mitchell, A. A. and Wilcox, D.G. (1988) ''Arid Shrubland Plants of Western Australia'', University of Western Australia Press, 2nd ed ''Atriplex holocarpa'' is

monoecious Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. Monoecy is conne ...

with small separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The male flowers are found in small clusters in the upper axils and the female flowers are in the lower axils. The fruits are globular pear shaped, from greenish-white through to reddish in colour. The fruits are membranous with net-veined or crinkled and between 6 and 12 mm long ''A. holocarpa'' and ''A. spongiosa'' are often found growing together. ''A. holocarpa'' is differentiated from ''A. spongiosa'' in that ''A. spongiosa'' has smaller fruiting bodies (4-6mm long) and none or very short leaf stalks while ''A. holocarpas fruiting bodies are 4-12mm long and the leaves have conspicuous stalks.

Taxonomy

''Atriplex holocarpa'' is one of approximately 300 ''Atriplex'' species, 61 of which are found in Australia. ''Atriplex'' species are part of the subfamily

Chenopodioideae The Chenopodioideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae in the APG III system, which is largely based on molecular phylogeny, but were included - together with other subfamilies - in family Chenopodiaceae in the Cronquist ...

of the family Amaranthaceae.

Range and habitat

''Atriplex holocarpa'' is an Australian saltbush species found in all states except Tasmania. ''A. holocarpa'' is found in arid inland areas of southwestern Queensland, western New South Wales, and northwestern Victoria through to southern Western Australia, often on floodplains or sandy flats. "A. holocarpa" is a halophyte and is very tolerant of saline conditions. They survive in saline drainages and saline rocky hills, but never on sand. ''A. holocarpa'' can be sown on saline tailings dams and saline waste dump slopes. Dry temperate flora was already established in Australia 60-70 million years ago when Australia was still connected to the Antarctic southern continent, and ancient elements of arid flora include the halophyte saltbushes of ''Chenopodiaceae'' including ''Atriplex'' spp. that have no close relatives in wetter parts of the country. ''A. holocarpa'' germinates readily in pits created by foraging desert animals such as bilbies, echidnas, bettongs and goannas, as well introduced burrowing animals.

Ecology

''Atriplex holocarpa'' lives in arid, temperate parts of Australia. Emus eat leaves of the plant in summer months but in the main most animals find ''A. holocarpa'' unpalatable and only eat it when forced. The presence of this little forb is indicative of poor rangeland conditions with ''A. holocarpa'' numbers increasing as grazing pressure increases. due to their general unpalatability. After setting seed, the seedcase of ''A. holocarpa'' develops a lemon-shaped or globular spongy mass around the seed. At maturity the seed cases turn blackish and fall to the ground ''A. holocarpa'' is very tolerant of saline conditions and can be used to help colonise saline waste dumps. Salts are extruded through the plants' vesiculated hairs to prevent salt reaching toxic levels. ''A. holocarpa'' have unicellular salt bladders on both surfaces of their leaves that concentrate salt above the saturation point of NaCl and release to the exterior via the vesiculated hairs.Rajput, P. and Sen, D. N. (1991). ''Annals of Arid Zone'', vol 30. iss. 4.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5711145 holocarpa Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller