''Astralium'', common name star snails, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

of sea snails, marine gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the family

Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies ...

, the turban snails and star snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Astralium'' Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204985 on 2012-09-09

Description

In ''Astralium'' a very rapidly enlarging

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

starts from the multispiral nucleus, forming far the greater portion of the operculum, and usually leaving a pit at the starting point.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution ranging from the Eastern Indian Ocean to China and Japan, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

, East India, the

Maldives Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...

and Australia (

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Aust ...

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , establishe ...

South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

Victoria Victoria most commonly refers to: * Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia * Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada * Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory * Victoria, Seychelle ...

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialis ...

(WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Astralium'' : * ''

Astralium asteriscum ''Astralium asteriscum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Astralium asteriscum'' (Reeve, 1843). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species The W ...

'' (Reeve, 1843) * ''

Astralium calcar ''Astralium calcar'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The height of the shell is 28 mm, its diameter 40 mm. The conoid shell is more or less depressed a ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''

Astralium confragosum ''Astralium confragosum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Astralium confragosum'' (Gould, 1851). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' (Gould, 1851) * ''

Astralium danieli ''Astralium danieli'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). ...

'' (Alf & Kreipl, 2006) * ''

Astralium dekkeri ''Astralium dekkeri'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Turbinidae Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). ...

'' (Thach, 2018) * ''

Astralium haematragum ''Astralium haematragum'', common name the Pacific star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 25 mm. The ...

'' (Menke, 1829) * ''

Astralium heimburgi ''Astralium heimburgi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Astralium heimburgi''. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespec ...

'' (Dunker, 1882) * ''

Astralium lapillus ''Astralium lapillus'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Astralium lapillus''. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...

'' Reeve, 1863 * '' Astralium latispina'' (Philippi, 1844) * '' Astralium milloni'' (B. Salvat, F. Salvat & Richard, 1973) * '' Astralium nakamineae'' (Habe & Okutani, 1981) * '' Astralium okamotoi'' Kuroda & Habe, 1961 * '' Astralium pileolum'' (Reeve, 1842) * '' Astralium provisorium'' Schepman, 1908 * '' Astralium rhodostomum'' (Lamarck, 1822) * '' Astralium rotularium'' (Lamarck, 1822) * '' Astralium saturnum'' Chino, 1999 * '' Astralium semicostatum'' (Kiener, 1850) * '' Astralium stellare'' (Gmelin, 1791) * '' Astralium tentoriiforme'' (Jonas, 1845) * '' Astralium tentorium'' (Thiele, 1930) * '' Astralium wallisi'' (Iredale, 1937) Another number of species are also mentioned in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database :OBIS : Astralium
/ref> * ''Astralium'' (''Astralium'') ''loochooensis'' (Mcneil, 1960): Possibly mistook of '' Buccinaria loochooensis'' MacNeil, 1961, the nearest match. * '' Astralium turcicus'' Reeve, 1848 * '' Astralium yamamurae'' Habe & Kosuge, 1966 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Astralium abyssorum'' Schepman, 1908: synonym of '' Bolma henica'' (Watson, 1885) * ''Astralium americanum'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''

Lithopoma americanum ''Lithopoma americanum'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Distribution This marine snail occurs in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and off the Lesser Antilles. Descri ...

'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Astralium andersoni'' E.A. Smith, 1902: synonym of ''

Bolma andersoni ''Bolma andersoni'', common name Anderson's star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 50 mm and 87 mm. Distribut ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1902) * ''Astralium aureolum'' Hedley, 1907: synonym of '' Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907) * ''Astralium aureum'' (Jonas, 1844): synonym of '' Bellastraea aurea'' (Jonas, 1844) *'' Astralium bathyrhaphe'' Smith, 1899: synonym of ''

Bolma bathyraphis ''Bolma bathyraphis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http: ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * ''Astralium brevispina'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''

Lithopoma brevispina ''Lithopoma brevispina'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Lithopoma brevispina'' (Lamarck, 1822). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Astralium cepoides'' E.A. Smith, 1880: synonym of '' Turbo cepoides'' E.A. Smith, 1880 * ''Astralium deplanatum'' Link, H.F., 1807: synonym of ''

Lithopoma phoebium ''Lithopoma phoebium'', common name the longspine star shell, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2011). Lithopoma phoebium (Röding, 1798). Accessed thr ...

'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Astralium fimbriatum'' Tryon, 1888: synonym of '' Bellastraea squamifera'' (Iredale, 1924) * ''Astralium gilchristi'' G.B. Sowerby III, 1903: synonym of ''

'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * ''Astralium guadeloupense'' Crosse, H., 1865: synonym of ''

Lithopoma tectum ''Lithopoma tectum'', common name the West Indian starsnail, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the ...

'' (Lightfoot, 1786) * ''Astralium johnstoni'' Odhner, 1923: synonym of ''

Bolma johnstoni ''Bolma johnstoni'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The shell grows to a length of 37 mm Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Sierra L ...

'' (Odhner, 1923) * ''Astralium mactanense'' Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of ''Astralium lapillus'' Reeve, 1863 * ''Astralium moniliferum'' Hedley & Willey, 1896: synonym of '' Guildfordia monilifera'' (Hedley & Willey, 1896) * ''Astralium phoebium'' (Röding, 1798): synonym of ''

'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Astralium plicatospinosum'' Pilsbry, 1889: synonym of ''

'' (Gould, 1851) * ''Astralium roseobasis'' Kreipl & Dekker, 2003: synonym of ''Astralium provisorium'' (Schepman, 1903) * ''Astralium rutidoloma'' (Tate, 1893) synonym of '' Bellastraea rutidoloma'' (Tate, 1893) * ''Astralium semicostatum'' (P. Fischer, 1875): synonym of '' Astralium semicostatum'' (Kiener, 1850) * ''Astralium squamiferum'' (Koch, 1844): synonym of '' Bellastraea squamifera'' (Koch, 1844) * ''Astralium tayloriana'' Odhner, 1923: synonym of '' Bolma tayloriana'' (E. A. Smith, 1880) * ''Astralium titania'' Röding, P.F., 1798: synonym of ''

'' (Röding, 1798) * ''Astralium triumphans'' (Philippi, 1841): synonym of ''

Guildfordia triumphans ''Guildfordia triumphans'', common name the triumphant star turban, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 35 mm ...

'' (Philippi, 1841) * ''Astralium tuberosum'' (Philippi): synonym of '' Astralium rhodostomum'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Astralium (Bolma) modestus'' var. ''girgyllus'' (Reeve, 1843): synonym of '' Bolma modesta'' (Reeve, 1843) File:Astralium lapillus 002.jpg, ''Astralium lapillus'' File:Astralium mactanense 003.jpg, ''Astralium lapillus''

References

External links

*
Link, D. H. F. (1807-1808). ''Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universität zu Rostock''. Rostock, Adlers Erben. 1 Abt. [Part 1], pp. 1–50; 2 Abt. [Part 2], pp. 51–100; 3 Abt. [Part 3], pp. 101–165; Abt. 4 [Part 4],pp. 1–30; Abt. 5 [Part 5], pp. 1–38 [1808]; Abt. 6 [Part 6], pp. 1–38
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3174372 Turbinidae Gastropod genera