''Arthrophyllum'' is a defunct

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of plants in the family

Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguisha ...

.Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ?? It was recognized by most

authors An author is the writer of a book, article, play, mostly written work. A broader definition of the word "author" states: "''An author is "the person who originated or gave existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility f ...

until 2010, when all of its 30

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

were "sunk" into ''

Polyscias ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' subgenus ''Arthrophyllum''.Porter P. Lowry II and Gregory M. Plunkett. 2010. "Recircumscription of ''Polyscias'' (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species". ''

Plant Diversity and Evolution This is a list of academic journals, monographic series, and other serials published by E. Schweizerbart. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P Q R S T U V W Z {{columns-list, colwidth=30em, *''Zeitschrift ...

'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):55-84. . (See ''External links'' below). ''Arthrophyllum'' is mostly a genus of

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s and small to medium

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s, but it contains a few large trees, and in

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

, a few

liana A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...

s, as well. They are noted for their large and apparently leafy

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

s, up to across. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is 1-

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

ed and the

ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...

unilocular A locule (plural locules) or loculus (plural loculi) (meaning "little place" in Latin) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usu ...

.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Araliaceae''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . (See ''External links'' below). The genus is

indigenous Indigenous may refer to: *Indigenous peoples *Indigenous (ecology), presence in a region as the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention *Indigenous (band), an American blues-rock band *Indigenous (horse), a Hong Kong racehorse ...

to Indomalesia and

island An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island ...

s of the southwestern

Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. . (See ''External links'' below). The most widespread and

variable Variable may refer to: * Variable (computer science), a symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be changed * Variable (mathematics), a symbol that represents a quantity in a mathematical expression, as used in many ...

of the species is ''

Polyscias jackiana ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' (formerly ''Arthrophyllum jackianum''). Until 2003, it was usually treated as

conspecific Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist Linus Pauling stated that "Biological specificity is the set of characteristics of living organ ...

with ''

Polyscias diversifolia ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

''. The

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of ...

species ''

Polyscias macranthum ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' can occasionally become quite large and is locally used for

lumber Lumber is wood that has been processed into dimensional lumber, including beams and planks or boards, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, wi ...

. The four species from New Caledonia were once placed in a separate genus, ''Eremopanax'', distinguished by seeds containing smooth

endosperm The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo and ...

, versus ruminate endosperm for ''Arthrophyllum''. It was later determined that this

character Character or Characters may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''Character'' (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk * ''Characters'' (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to The ...

does not clearly distinguish the two genera, and they were united under ''Arthrophyllum'' by

William Raymond Philipson William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of Engl ...

in 1978, bringing the total number of species up to about 30.William R. Philipson. 1978. "The Identity of ''Arthrophyllum'' and ''Eremopanax'' (Araliaceae)". ''Adansonia'' (series 2) 17(3):329-333. For ''Arthrophyllum'' in New Caledonia, the taxonomic history is complex, because the species are not clearly distinct, and their

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle *Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) * Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...

has varied greatly from one author to another. According to

Index Nominum Genericorum Index (or its plural form indices) may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Index (''A Certain Magical Index''), a character in the light novel series ''A Certain Magical Index'' * The Index, an item on a Halo megastru ...

, no

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

was ever designated for ''Arthrophyllum''.Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below). When the former genus ''Arthrophyllum'' became part of ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum in 2010, ''

'' was designated as the type for the

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

. ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum consists of all of the 30 species from the former genus ''Arthrophyllum'', all of the four species from the former genus ''Kissodendron'', and four species already placed in ''Polyscias''.

Species in ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum

The following species list is for ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum, and is taken from Lowry and Plunkett (2010). For some of the species, the

delimitation Boundary delimitation (or simply delimitation) is the drawing of boundaries, particularly of electoral precincts, states, counties or other municipalities.

or the

specific epithet In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

is different from that of

Frodin David Gamman Frodin (8 April 1940, Chicago – 12 August 2019, London, UK) was an American botanist, known as a leading expert on the flora of Papua New Guinea. (with eponyms, plant names authored by Frodin, & publication list) Biography His paren ...

and Govaerts (2003). These changes are explained below. The list in the taxobox is for the former genus ''Arthrophyllum'' and is from Frodin and Govaerts (2003). * ''

Polyscias aherniana ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * ''

Polyscias alternifolia ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * ''

Polyscias angustifolia ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * ''

Polyscias ashtonii ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * ''

Polyscias australiana ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bib ...

'' * '' Polyscias bellendenkerensis'' * '' Polyscias biforme'' * '' Polyscias bipinnata'' * ''

Polyscias cenabrei ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' * '' Polyscias collina'' * '' Polyscias disperma'' * ''

'' * ''

Polyscias elliptica ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * ''

Polyscias engganoense ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' * ''

Polyscias havilandii ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

'' * ''

'' * '' Polyscias kjellbergii'' * '' Polyscias lucens'' * '' Polyscias mackeei'' * ''

'' * '' Polyscias macrocarpa'' * ''

Polyscias meliifolia ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator (nomenclature), nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafa� ...

'' * ''

Polyscias montana ''Polyscias montana'', synonym ''Arthrophyllum montanum'', is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae. It is a shrub or tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss. References montana Montana () is a ...

'' * '' Polyscias otopyrena'' * ''

Polyscias pacifica ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * '' Polyscias papyracea'' * '' Polyscias prolifera'' * '' Polyscias pulgarense'' * '' Polyscias revoluta'' * '' Polyscias royenii'' * ''

Polyscias rubiginosa ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibli ...

'' * '' Polyscias rufosepala'' * '' Polyscias schultzei'' * '' Polyscias stonei'' * ''

Polyscias thailandica ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator (nomenclature), nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafa� ...

'' * '' Polyscias vieillardii'' * '' Polyscias willmottii'' * ''

Polyscias zippeliana ''Polyscias'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. They bear pinnately compound leaves. In 2003, a checklist and nomenclator was published for Araliaceae.David G. Frodin and Rafaël Govaerts. 2003. ''World Checklist and Bibl ...

History

The genus ''Arthrophyllum'' was named by

Carl Ludwig von Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796, Braunschweig – 3 February 1862, Leiden) was a German-Dutch botanist. He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life work ...

in 1826''Arthrophyllum'' in

International Plant Names Index The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It inclu ...

. (see ''External links'' below). in his

classic A classic is an outstanding example of a particular style; something of lasting worth or with a timeless quality; of the first or highest quality, class, or rank – something that exemplifies its class. The word can be an adjective (a ''c ...

:es:Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.Carl Ludwig von Blume. 1826. ''Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië'' 15:878. (See ''External links'' below). The

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal ...

derived Derive may refer to: * Derive (computer algebra system), a commercial system made by Texas Instruments * ''Dérive'' (magazine), an Austrian science magazine on urbanism *Dérive, a psychogeographical concept See also * *Derivation (disambiguatio ...

from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

''arthron'', "a joint" and ''phyllon'', "a leaf".Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. (vol. I). (see ''External links'' below). In 1977, William R. Philipson transferred two

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

n species, ''Polyscias bellendenkerensis'' and ''Polyscias willmottii'' into ''Polyscias'' from '' Pentapanax''.William R. Philipson. 1977. "The deletion of ''Pentapanax'' Seem. from the flora of Australia". ''Austrobaileya'' 1(1):24. He found the distinction between ''Arthrophyllum'' and ''Eremopanax'' to be

artificial Artificiality (the state of being artificial or manmade) is the state of being the product of intentional human manufacture, rather than occurring naturally through processes not involving or requiring human activity. Connotations Artificiality ...

, and in 1978, he united the two genera under the name ''Arthrophyllum''. In 1979, he covered

for

Flora Malesiana ''Flora Malesiana'' is a multi-volume flora describing the vascular plants of Malesia (the biogeographical region consisting of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea), published by the National Herbarium of t ...

.William R. Philipson. 1979. "Araliaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana'', series 1, volume 9, part 1: 1-105. (part 1). (See ''External links'' below). In 1995, he covered Araliaceae, except ''

Schefflera ''Schefflera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae. With an estimated 600–900 species, the genus represents about half of its family. The plants are trees, shrubs or lianas, growing tall, with woody stems, the absence of ...

'', for a

flora Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms '' gut flora'' or '' skin flora''. E ...

of New Guinea.William R. Philipson. 1995. "Araliaceae (excluding ''Schefflera'')". In: Barry J. Conn (editor). ''Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea'', volume III: 1-48. . His treatment of ''Arthrophyllum'' was largely followed in a

checklist A checklist is a type of job aid used in repetitive tasks to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention. It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. A basic example is the " to d ...

and

nomenclator Nomenclator may refer to: *''Nomenclator omnium rerum propria nomina variis linguis explicata indicans'', 16th century book written by Hadrianus Junius *Nomenclator, in cryptography, a kind of substitution cypher *Nomenclator (nomenclature) as a ...

for Araliaceae that was compiled by Frodin and Govaerts in 2003. Frodin and Govaerts recognized 30 species in ''Arthrophyllum''. They were not able to determine what Philipson had intended by the name ''Arthrophyllum maingayi'', one of the 17 species that he described for

. No known

specimen Specimen may refer to: Science and technology * Sample (material), a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount * Biological specimen or biospecimen, an organic specimen held by a biorepository ...

living Living or The Living may refer to: Common meanings *Life, a condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms ** Living species, one that is not extinct *Personal life, the course of an individual human's life * Hu ...

or preserved, are known to match Philipson's

description Description is the pattern of narrative development that aims to make vivid a place, object, character, or group. Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as ''modes of discourse''), along with exposition, argumentation, and narr ...

. In 2010, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawi ...

of the

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...

Araliaceae showed that they could not be divided into genera that could easily be

distinguished The ruling made by the judge or panel of judges must be based on the evidence at hand and the standard binding precedents covering the subject-matter (they must be ''followed''). Definition In law, to distinguish a case means a court decides th ...

morphologically.Gregory M. Plunkett and Porter P. Lowry II. 2010. "Paraphyly and polyphyly in ''Polyscias'' sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the "pinnate genera" of Araliaceae". ''Plant Diversity and Evolution'' (formerly ''Botanische Jahrbucher'') 128(1-2):23-54. . Uncertainties remain about the

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

of this group because of a large number of unpublished species and species of uncertain affinities that have never been sampled for DNA. For these reasons, all of the pinnate Araliaceae were assigned to ''Polyscias'', thereby subsuming six genera (''Arthrophyllum'', '' Cuphocarpus'', '' Gastonia'', '' Reynoldsia'', '' Munroidendron'', and ''

Tetraplasandra ''Tetraplasandra'' is a no longer recognised genus of plants in the ivy family, Araliaceae. They are small to medium trees, (rarely shrubs or large trees) of mesic to wet forests.Porter P. Lowry II. 1990. "Araliaceae", pages 224-237. In: Warren ...

'') into ''

'' and increasing the number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) divided the expanded ''Polyscias'' (Polyscias

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

) into 11 subgenera: ''

'', '' Grotefendia'', '' Maralia'', ''Arthrophyllum'', '' Cuphocarpus'', ''

'', '' Eupteron'', '' Sciadopanax'', '' Tieghemopanax'', '' Indokingia'', and '' Palmervandenbroekia''. All of these had been genus names at one time or another. Two of them are often misspelled as "Grotenfendia" and "Palmervandenbrockia". Spelling can be checked at

, or

Tropicos Tropicos is an online botanical database containing taxonomic information on plants, mainly from the Neotropical realm (Central, and South America). It is maintained by the Missouri Botanical Garden and was established over 25 years ago. The data ...

(See ''External links'' below). ''Polyscias'' subgenus ''Arthrophyllum'' consists of 30 species from the former genus ''Arthrophyllum'', combined with the four species that were in ''Kissodendron'' (''Polyscias bellendenkerensis, P. bipinnata, P. australiana,'' and ''P. disperma''), and four species that Frodin and Govaerts had placed in ''Polyscias'' (''Polyscias royenii, P. schultzei, P. willmottii,'' and ''P. zippeliana''). Thus ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum comprises 38 species. The circumscription of ''Kissodendron'' and its division into species has varied considerably. Frodin and Govaerts (2003) recognized only three species: ''K. bellendenkeriensis, K. bipinnata,'' and ''K. australiana''. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) recognized these three, but placed them in ''Polyscias'' and split ''P. australiana'', recognizing ''P. disperma'' as a separate species. Philipson (1979) had included ''P. royenii, P. schultzei'' and ''P. zippeliana'' in his ''Polyscias''

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

Kissodendron, but covered only the

Malesian Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It has been given different definitions. The ...

species. Six

species name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

s in ''Arthrophyllum'' could not be transferred to ''Polyscias'' with the same specific epithet because those epithets were already occupied in ''Polyscias'' by the following species: ''Polyscias balansae'' (subgenus Tieghemopanax), ''Polyscias borneensis'' (subgenus Tetraplasandra), ''Polyscias crassa'' (subgenus Indokingia), ''Polyscias ferruginea'' (='' Polyscias fulva'') (subgenus Sciadopanax), ''Polyscias grandifolia'' (=''Polyscias macgillivrayi'') (subgenus Polyscias), and ''Polyscias javanica'' (subgenus Polyscias). Because of the existence of these names in ''Polyscias'', ''Arthrophyllum borneense'' was transferred to ''Polyscias'' as ''Polyscias aherniana''. Philipson had used the name ''Arthrophyllum ahernianum'' for this species. ''Arthrophyllum crassum'' was renamed as ''Polyscias revoluta''. ''Arthrophyllum ferrugineum'' became ''Polyscias thailandica'' and ''Arthrophyllum javanicum'' became ''Polyscias elliptica''. The taxonomic history of the New Caledonian members of ''Polyscias'' subgenus Arthrophyllum is complex. Ten valid species names and a

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

have been

published Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free. Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, newsp ...

in ''Arthrophyllum'' for this group. Philipson recognized only three species, treating eight of the species names as

synonyms A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

for ''Arthrophyllum otopyrenum''. Frodin and Govaerts treated five of these eight names as a fourth species, ''Arthrophyllum balansae''. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) split ''Arthrophyllum balansae'', transferring four of these names to ''Polyscias'' as part of ''Polyscias vieillardii''. The fifth name, ''Arthrophyllum grandifolium'', was transferred to ''Polyscias'' as ''Polyscias mackeei''. The only other change of species circumscription by Lowry and Plunkett (2010) was the splitting of ''Polyscias australiana''. They raised one of its

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

to the

rank Rank is the relative position, value, worth, complexity, power, importance, authority, level, etc. of a person or object within a ranking, such as: Level or position in a hierarchical organization * Academic rank * Diplomatic rank * Hierarchy * H ...

of species as ''Polyscias disperma''.

References

Sources

Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ??

External links

Lowry & Plunkett.2010Hawaii BarcodingUniversity of Hawaii at Hilo

World Checklist and Bibliography of AraliaceaeWorld ChecklistskewbooksKew Gardens

''Arthrophyllum''Mabberley's Plant-Book

''Grotefendia''''Palmervandenbroekia''Index Nominum GenericorumResearch and CollectionsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History

''Arthrophyllum''GrotefendiaPalmervandenbroekiaPlant NamesIPNI

''Arthrophyllum''
And''Grotefendia''
And''Palmervandenbroekia''
At:Names
At:Tropicos
At:Science and Conservation
At:Missouri Botanical Garden

''Arthrophyllum'', page 878parts 13-17Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch IndiëBlume, Karl Ludwig, 1796-1862BAuthorsBHL

CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C
At:Botany & Plant Science
At:Life Science
At:CRC Press

Flora Malesiana home page

''Arthrophyllum''
At:List of Genera
At:Araliaceae
At:List of families
At:Families and Genera in GRIN
At:Queries
At:GRIN taxonomy for plants

subgenus Arthrophyllum''Polyscias''AraliaceaeApiineaeApiales
In: ···Embryophyta
At:Streptophytina
At:Streptophyta
At:Viridiplantae
At:Eukaryota
At:Taxonomy
At:UniProt
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2076432 Apiales genera Historically recognized angiosperm genera Polyscias