The Junkers Jumo 213 was a
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
-era
V-12 liquid-cooled
aircraft engine
An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the power component of an aircraft propulsion system. Most aircraft engines are either piston engines or gas turbines, although a few have been rocket powered and in recent years many ...
, a development of
Junkers Motoren
Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...
's earlier design, the
Jumo 211
The Jumo 211 was a German inverted V-12 aircraft engine, Junkers Motoren's primary aircraft engine of World War II. It was the direct competitor to the Daimler-Benz DB 601 and closely paralleled its development. While the Daimler-Benz engine ...
. The design added two features, a pressurized cooling system that required considerably less
cooling fluid which allowed the engine to be built smaller and lighter, and a number of improvements that allowed it to run at higher RPM. These changes boosted power by over 500 hp and made the 213 one of the most sought-after
Axis
An axis (plural ''axes'') is an imaginary line around which an object rotates or is symmetrical. Axis may also refer to:
Mathematics
* Axis of rotation: see rotation around a fixed axis
*Axis (mathematics), a designator for a Cartesian-coordinate ...
engine designs in the late-war era.
Design and development
When the Jumo 211 entered production in the late 1930s it used an unpressurized liquid cooling system based on an "open cycle". Water was pumped through the engine to keep it cool, but the system operated at atmospheric pressure, or only slightly higher. Since the boiling point of water decreases with altitude (pressure) this meant that the temperature of the cooling water had to be kept quite low to avoid boiling at high altitudes, which in turn meant that the water removed less heat from the engine before flowing into the
radiator
Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics.
A radiator is always a ...
to cool it.
By contrast, the 1940
Daimler-Benz DB 601E used a pressurized coolant system that ran at the same pressure regardless of altitude, raising the boiling point to about 110 °C. This allowed it to use considerably less water for the same cooling effect, which remained the same at all altitudes. Although otherwise similar to the Jumo 210 in most respects, the 601 was smaller and lighter than the 211, and could be run at higher power settings at higher altitudes, making it popular in fighter designs. The 211 was relegated to "secondary" roles in bombers and transports.
The ''Junkers Motorenwerke'' firm was not happy with this state of affairs, and started its own efforts to produce a pressurized cooling system as early as 1938. Experiments on the 211 proved so successful that it became clear that not only could the engine be built smaller and lighter (by reducing the water requirement), but could be run at higher power settings without overheating. Additional changes to strengthen the
crankshaft
A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins, that are driven by the pistons via the connecting ...
and add a fully shrouded
supercharger
In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.
The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced induct ...
for increased boost resulted in the Jumo 211F model, which delivered 1,340 PS (1,322 hp, 986 kW) at 2,600 RPM, up from 1000 PS at 2,200 RPM in the first version 211A.
![Jumo 213 fuel injector](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Jumo_213_fuel_injector.JPG)
But this was only the beginning. After redesigning the engine block to a smaller external size to suit the increased cooling power – while keeping the same 150 mm x 165 mm bore/stroke figures, maintaining the 35 litre displacement of the Jumo 211 series – and then further increasing boost settings on the supercharger, the resulting 213A model was able to deliver 1,750 PS (metric hp) at 3,250 RPM. This made it considerably more powerful than the corresponding DB 601E which provided 1,350 PS, and about the same power as the much larger
DB 603
The Daimler-Benz DB 603 was a German aircraft engine used during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled 12-cylinder inverted V12 enlargement of the DB 601, which was in itself a development of the DB 600. Production of the DB 603 commenced in M ...
of 44.52 litre displacement. Junkers decided to go after the 603's market, and placed the 213's mounting points and fluid connections in the same locations as the 603, allowing it to be "dropped in" as a replacement, with the exception of the Jumo's standard starboard-side supercharger intake (Daimler-Benz inverted V12 engines always had the supercharger intakes on the port side).
The 213A (the main production series, with single-stage two-speed supercharging)
[Christopher, p. 79] first ran in 1940, but experienced lengthy delays before finally being declared "production quality" in 1943. Production was extremely slow to ramp up, in order to avoid delays in the existing Jumo 211 production. By the time the engines were available in any sort of number in 1944, Allied bombing repeatedly destroyed the production lines. Production of the A model was limited to about 400–500 a month for most of 1944/45.
A range of advanced versions were also developed during the lengthy teething period. The 213B was designed to run on 100
octane
Octane is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula , and the condensed structural formula . Octane has many structural isomers that differ by the amount and location of branching in the carbon chain. One of these isomers, 2,2,4-Tri ...
"C3" fuel, allowing the boost pressure to be increased and the take-off power improved to 2,000 PS. The 213C was essentially an A model with re-arranged secondary equipment (supercharger, oil pump, etc.) to allow a ''Motorkanone'' cannon to fire through the propeller shaft. The 213D added a new three-speed supercharger for smoother
power curves and improved altitude performance, but it was not produced.
![JUMO 213 E1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/JUMO_213_E1.JPG)
The next major production versions were the 213E and the similar 213F. These engines were equipped with a new two-speed, two-stage supercharger that dramatically improved altitude performance. The only difference between the two models was that the E included an
intercooler
An intercooler is a heat exchanger used to cool a gas after compression. Often found in turbocharged engines, intercoolers are also used in air compressors, air conditioners, refrigeration and gas turbines.
Internal combustion engines
Mo ...
[ for additional high-altitude performance, while the F model lacked this and was optimized for slightly lower altitudes. The E and F models were in high demand for many late-war aircraft, including the ]Junkers Ju 188
The Junkers Ju 188 was a German ''Luftwaffe'' high-performance medium bomber built during World War II, the planned follow-up to the Ju 88 with better performance and payload. It was produced only in limited numbers, due both to the presence of i ...
, Junkers Ju 388
The Junkers Ju 388 '' Störtebeker'' is a World War II German ''Luftwaffe'' multi-role aircraft based on the Ju 88 airframe by way of the Ju 188. It differed from its predecessors in being intended for high altitude operation, with design feature ...
, the ''Langnasen-Dora'' models of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190D and the Focke-Wulf Ta 152H. All of these aircraft used annular radiators characteristic of the earlier Jumo 211 engine installations on twin-engined aircraft, often standardized as ''Kraftei'' (power-egg
A power-egg is a complete "unitized" modular engine installation, consisting of engine and all ancillary equipment, which can be swapped between suitably designed equipment, with standardised quick-changing attachment points and connectors.
In a ...
), completely unitized power plant "modules" for any twin or multi-engined aircraft, much as the Jumo 211 had evolved for earlier aircraft designs – but with the annular radiators noticeably reconfigured for better cooling of the more powerful Jumo 213 engine.
A further substantial upgrade was projected as the 213J, which replaced the earlier model's three valves with a new four-valve-per-cylinder design for increased volumetric efficiency Volumetric efficiency (VE) in internal combustion engine engineering is defined as the ratio of the mass density of the air-fuel mixture drawn into the cylinder at atmospheric pressure (during the intake stroke) to the mass density of the same volu ...
. It was also to have had a two-stage three-speed supercharger, producing at 3700 rpm for take-off. It would have weighed .[ There was no time to work this change into the production line before the war ended. Other experimental models included the 213S for low-altitude use, and the ]turbocharged
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...
213T.
Further development of the Jumo 213 was carried out at Arsenal de l'Aéronautique
Arsenal de l'Aéronautique (commonly named Arsenal) was a national military aircraft manufacturer established by the French Government in 1936 at Villacoublay. In the years before World War II, it developed a range of technically advanced fighter ...
in France after the Second World War
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
.
Variants
;213A: First version, 1,750 PS (2,100 PS with MW50 boost) take-off power, major production version.
;213B: Project, a 213A with C3 fuel (100 octane) and up to 2,000 PS take-off power.
;213C: As 213A but equipped for mounting of a cannon firing through the propeller axis (''Motorkanone''), limited production.
;213D: 213C with a new three-speed supercharger, did not enter production.
;213E: High altitude version of 213A, equipped with a three-speed two-stage intercooled supercharger and delivering 1,750 PS take-off power (2,050 PS with MW 50 boost).
;213F:Similar to the 213E, but without the intercooler.
;213J:Project, redesigned with four valves per-cylinder and a two-stage three-speed supercharger, delivering 2,380 PS at takeoff.
;J13T:Proposed turbocharged variant.
;Arsenal 12H:Post-war development of the Junkers Jumo 213 which had been in production for the Germans at the Arsenal de l'Aéronautique
Arsenal de l'Aéronautique (commonly named Arsenal) was a national military aircraft manufacturer established by the French Government in 1936 at Villacoublay. In the years before World War II, it developed a range of technically advanced fighter ...
factories.
;Arsenal 12H-Tandem:2x 12H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers.
;Arsenal 12K:Further development of the 12H.
;Arsenal 24H:A 24-cylinder H-24 engine utilizing 12H cylinder blocks, crankshafts and pistons mounted on a new crankcase driving a single propeller. Rated at take-off power and at rated height.[Bridgman 1948, p. 48d]
;Arsenal 24H-Tandem:2x 24H engines in tandem driving co-axial propellers. Example exhibited at 1946 Paris Air Show had take-off power of . Proposed for Sud-Est SE.1200 trans-Atlantic flying boat project, which would have used four 24H Tandem installations, each rated at .[Bridgman 1948, pp. 47d–48d]
;SFECMAS 12H: The Arsenal 12H after SFECMAS absorbed Arsenal.
;SFECMAS 12K: The Arsenal 12K after SFECMAS absorbed Arsenal.
Applications
* Heinkel He 111H-22
* Junkers Ju 88
The Junkers Ju 88 is a German World War II ''Luftwaffe'' twin-engined multirole combat aircraft. Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works (JFM) designed the plane in the mid-1930s as a so-called ''Schnellbomber'' ("fast bomber") that would be too fast ...
* Junkers Ju 188
The Junkers Ju 188 was a German ''Luftwaffe'' high-performance medium bomber built during World War II, the planned follow-up to the Ju 88 with better performance and payload. It was produced only in limited numbers, due both to the presence of i ...
* Junkers Ju 388
The Junkers Ju 388 '' Störtebeker'' is a World War II German ''Luftwaffe'' multi-role aircraft based on the Ju 88 airframe by way of the Ju 188. It differed from its predecessors in being intended for high altitude operation, with design feature ...
* Focke-Wulf Fw 190D
* Focke-Wulf Ta 152
The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.
The Ta 152 was a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft. It was intended to be made in at least three vers ...
* Focke-Wulf Ta 154
The Focke-Wulf Ta 154 ''Moskito'' was a fast twin-engined German night fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf during late World War II. Only a few were produced, proving to have less impressive performance than the pro ...
* Messerschmitt Me 209-II
The Me 209 of 1943 was an attempt to create an enhanced version of the Bf 109, which served as the ''Luftwaffe''s primary fighter aircraft throughout World War II.Jackson 2005, p. 35. The Me 209, despite its designation, bore no relationship to ...
* Nord Noroit
The Nord 1400 Noroit was a French reconnaissance and air-sea rescue flying boat designed and built by Nord Aviation for the French Navy.
Development
The Noroit was an amphibian flying boat designed for the French Navy, a cantilever gullwing mono ...
* SNCASO SO.8000 Narval
The SNCASO SO.8000 Narval ( en, Narwhal) was a French carrier-based strike fighter designed by Sud-Ouest in the late 1940s. The French Navy (Marine nationale) ordered two prototypes in 1946 and they made their maiden flights three years later. ...
Specifications (Jumo 213E)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Jumo 213-powered Fw 190D engine startup video
Enginehistory.org's Junkers Jumo 213 page
{{Junkers Jumo aeroengines
Junkers aircraft engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
Inverted V12 aircraft engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines