Arrestin, beta 1, also known as ARRB1, is a
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...
which in humans is encoded by the ''ARRB1''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...
.
Function
Members of
arrestin
Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors.
Arrestins were first discovered as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulating the activity of ...
/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...
s and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 1 is a
cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells ( intracellular fluid (ICF)). It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondri ...
ic protein and acts as a cofactor in the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (
BARK) mediated desensitization of
beta-adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta ...
s. Besides the central nervous system, it is expressed at high levels in peripheral blood leukocytes, and thus the BARK/beta-arrestin system is believed to play a major role in regulating receptor-mediated immune functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms of arrestin beta 1 have been described, however, their exact functions are not known.
Beta-arrestin has been shown to play a role as a scaffold that binds intermediates and may direct G-protein signaling by connecting receptors to clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Interactions
Arrestin beta 1 has been shown to
interact
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with
*
Arf6
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 has a variety of cellular functions that are frequently involved in trafficking of biological membranes and transmembrane protein ...
,
*
PTHLH,
*
DVL2
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DVL2'' gene.
This gene encodes a member of the dishevelled (dsh) protein family. The vertebrate dsh proteins have approximately 40% amino acid sequ ...
*
Mdm2,
*
OPRD1,
*
PSCD2
Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CYTH2'' gene.
Function
Cytohesin-2 (CYTH2), formerly known as Pleckstrin homology, Sec7 and coiled/coil domains 2 (PSCD2), is a member of the cytohesin family. Members of this family ...
,
[ and
* ]RALGDS
Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that is encoded by the ''RALGDS'' gene in humans.
Interactions
RALGDS has been shown to interact with:
* Arrestin beta 1,
* Arrestin beta 2,
* HRAS,
* KRAS,
* MRAS,
* RAP1A,
* R ...
.
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{Membrane proteins