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The Armistice of Villa Giusti or Padua ended warfare between
The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation, Volume 1
p. 100 * John Gooch
The Italian Army and the First World War
p. 299 * Bullitt Lowry
Armistice 1918
p. 112 * Manfried Rauchensteiner
The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914-1918
p. 1005
Text of the armistice
{{DEFAULTSORT:Armistice Of Villa Giusti Treaties concluded in 1918 Treaties entered into force in 1918 1918 in Italy 1918 in Austria-Hungary Villa Giusti Italy in World War I Military history of Italy during World War I Austria-Hungary in World War I World War I treaties Villa Giusti Villa Giusti Peace treaties of Austria Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 1918 in military history Italian front (World War I) November 1918 events
The Armistice of Villa Giusti or Padua ended warfare between Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
and Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
on the Italian Front during World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
. The armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ...
was signed on 3 November 1918 in the Villa Giusti, outside Padua
Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...
in the Veneto
it, Veneto (man) it, Veneta (woman)
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, Northern Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
, and took effect 24 hours later.
Background
By the end of October 1918, theAustro-Hungarian Army
The Austro-Hungarian Army (, literally "Ground Forces of the Austro-Hungarians"; , literally "Imperial and Royal Army") was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint arm ...
was so fatigued that its commanders were forced to seek a ceasefire. By 1918 the Austro-Hungarian Empire was tearing itself apart under ethnic lines, and if the Dual Monarchy were to survive, it needed to withdraw from the war.
In the final stage of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto
The Battle of Vittorio Veneto was fought from 24 October to 3 November 1918 (with an armistice taking effect 24 hours later) near Vittorio Veneto on the Italian Front during World War I. After having thoroughly defeated Austro-Hungarian troop ...
, a stalemate was reached, and the troops of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
started a chaotic withdrawal. On 28 October, Austria-Hungary began to negotiate a truce but hesitated to sign the text of the armistice. In the meantime, the Italians reached Trento
Trento ( or ; Ladin and lmo, Trent; german: Trient ; cim, Tria; , ), also anglicized as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento. In the 16th ce ...
and Udine
Udine ( , ; fur, Udin; la, Utinum) is a city and ''comune'' in north-eastern Italy, in the middle of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic Sea and the Alps (''Alpi Carniche''). Its population was 100,514 in 2012, 176,000 with t ...
, and landed in Trieste
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into prov ...
. After a threat to break off negotiations, the Austro-Hungarians, on 3 November, accepted the armistice.
Terms
The ceasefire would start at 15:00 on 4 November, but a unilateral order of the Austro-Hungarian High Command made its forces stop fighting on 3 November. The armistice required Austria-Hungary's forces to evacuate not only all territory occupied since August 1914 but also South Tirol,Tarvisio
Tarvisio (German and fur, Tarvis, sl, Trbiž) is a comune in the northeastern part of the autonomous Friuli Venezia Giulia region in Italy.
Geography
The town is in the Canal Valley (''Val Canale'') between the Carnic Alps and Karawanks rang ...
, the Isonzo Valley, Gorizia
Gorizia (; sl, Gorica , colloquially 'old Gorizia' to distinguish it from Nova Gorica; fur, label= Standard Friulian, Gurize, fur, label= Southeastern Friulian, Guriza; vec, label= Bisiacco, Gorisia; german: Görz ; obsolete English ''Gori ...
, Trieste
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into prov ...
, Istria, western Carniola, and part of Dalmatia. All German forces would be expelled from Austria-Hungary within 15 days or interned, and the Allies were to have the free use of Austria-Hungary's internal communications. Austria-Hungary was also to allow the transit of the Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French '' entente'' meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as well a ...
armies to reach Germany from the South. In November 1918, the Italian Army, with 20,000 to 22,000 soldiers, began to occupy Innsbruck and all North Tyrol
North Tyrol, rarely North Tirol (german: Nordtirol), is the main part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the western part of the country. The other part of the state is East Tyrol, which also belongs to Austria, but does not share a borde ...
.
After the war, Italy annexed Southern Tyrol (now Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
it, Trentino (man) it, Trentina (woman) or it, Altoatesino (man) it, Altoatesina (woman) or it, Sudtirolesegerman: Südtiroler (man)german: Südtirolerin (woman)
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), according to the secret Treaty of London, as well as Trieste
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into prov ...
, Austrian Littoral and part of Dalmatia (Zadar
Zadar ( , ; historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian: ); see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ser ...
, Lastovo
Lastovo (; it, Lagosta, german: Augusta, la, Augusta Insula, el, Ladestanos, Illyrian: ''Ladest'') is an island municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County in Croatia. The municipality consists of 46 islands with a total population of 792 p ...
, Palagruža
Palagruža (; it, Pelagosa) is a small Croatian archipelago in the middle of the Adriatic Sea. It is uninhabited, except by lighthouse staff and occasional summer tourists.
Geography
It consists of one larger island, called ''Vela'' or ''Vel ...
).
Signatories
Italy
* Tenente GeneralePietro Badoglio
Pietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba, 1st Marquess of Sabotino (, ; 28 September 1871 – 1 November 1956), was an Italian general during both World Wars and the first viceroy of Italian East Africa. With the fall of the Fascist regime ...
* Maggior Generale Scipione Scipioni
* Colonnello Tullio Marchetti
* Colonnello Pietro Gazzera
Pietro Gazzera (11 December 1879 – 30 June 1953) was an officer in the Italian Royal Army during World War II, as well as a prewar Italian politician.
Gazzera was born in Bene Vagienna, he joined the Italian Army and fought in the Italo-Turki ...
* Colonnello Pietro Maravigna
* Colonnello Alberto Pariani
Alberto is the Romance version of the Latinized form (''Albertus'') of Germanic '' Albert''. It is used in Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. The diminutive forms are ''Albertito'' in Spain or ''Albertico'' in some parts of Latin America, Alber ...
* Capitano di Vascello Francesco Accinni
Austria-Hungary
* GeneralViktor Weber Edler von Webenau
Viktor Weber Edler von Webenau (* 13 November 1861 in Neuhaus; † 6 May 1932 in Innsbruck), General in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, military governor of Montenegro between 1916 and 1917 and head of the Austro-Hungarian armisti ...
* Oberst Karl Schneller
* Fregattenkapitän Johannes Prinz von und zu Liechtenstein
* Oberstleutnant J.V. Nyékhegyi
* Korvettenkapitän Georg Ritter von Zwierkowski
* Oberstleutnant i.G. Victor Freiherr von Seiller
* Hauptmann i.G. Camillo Ruggera
See also
* Bollettino della Vittoria, Italian GeneralArmando Diaz
Armando Diaz, 1st Duke della Vittoria, (5 December 1861 – 28 February 1928) was an Italian general and a Marshal of Italy. He is mostly known for his role as Chief of Staff of the Regio Esercito during World War I from November 1917. He ...
's victory speech
*Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It forma ...
, the resulting treaty
References
*Antonello Biagini, Giovanna MottaThe First World War: Analysis and Interpretation, Volume 1
p. 100 * John Gooch
The Italian Army and the First World War
p. 299 * Bullitt Lowry
Armistice 1918
p. 112 * Manfried Rauchensteiner
The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914-1918
p. 1005
External links
Text of the armistice
{{DEFAULTSORT:Armistice Of Villa Giusti Treaties concluded in 1918 Treaties entered into force in 1918 1918 in Italy 1918 in Austria-Hungary Villa Giusti Italy in World War I Military history of Italy during World War I Austria-Hungary in World War I World War I treaties Villa Giusti Villa Giusti Peace treaties of Austria Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 1918 in military history Italian front (World War I) November 1918 events