Armeniaca Vulgaris

''Prunus armeniaca'' is the most commonly cultivated apricot species. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation. Genetic studies indicate Central Asia is the center of origin. It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places.

The specific epithet ''armeniaca'' refers to the country of Armenia in western Asia.

Description

''Prunus armeniaca'' is a small tree, tall, with a trunk up to in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, long and wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth (botanically described as: glabrous) or velvety with very short hairs (botanically: pubescent). The flesh (mesocarp) is succulent and its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side.Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins .

Varieties

According to the Catalogue of Life and Flora of China, there are six varieties of ''P. armeniaca'':
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''ansu'' – ansu apricot ( ja, アンズ, ''anzu''), pink-flowered, East Asia
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''armeniaca'' – common apricot, Central Asia and China, widely cultivated
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''holosericea'' – Tibetan apricot, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Tibet
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''meixianensis'' – Mei County apricot, double-flowered, Shaanxi
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''xiongyueensis'' – Xiongyue apricot, Liaoning
* ''Prunus armeniaca'' var. ''zhidanensis'' – Zhidan apricot, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Shanxi

Cultivation and uses

Origin, domestication and diffusion

According to the Soviet botanist Nikolai Vavilov, the center of origin of ''P. armeniaca'' is Central Asia, where its domestication would have taken place, and China is another center of domestication. His hypothesis has been confirmed by genetic studies.

There were at least three independent domestication events in the demographic history of ''P. armeniaca'':
* The one from the wild populations in southern Central Asia ( Kyrgyzstan) gave rise to the cultivated apricot in southern Central Asia and northern South Asia.
* The one from the wild populations in northern Central Asia ( Kazakhstan) gave rise to the cultivated apricot in northern Central Asia, West Asia (including Armenia, the previously assumed place of origin), Europe and North Africa.
* The third one occurred in China and gave rise to cultivated apricot in East Asia. It involved the wild populations from northern Central Asia or/and its hybrids with '' P. sibirica''.

The cultivated apricot diffused towards west by two main routes: one is Central Asia → West Asia → Mediterranean Europe & North Africa, and the other is Central Asia → continental Europe. In addition, the cultivated apricot from Japan had a minor contribution to that in Mediterranean Europe.

History of cultivation

The apricot was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long that it was previously thought to have originated there. An archaeological excavation at Garni in Armenia found apricot seeds in a Chalcolithic-era site. Its scientific name ''Prunus armeniaca'' (Armenian plum) derives from that assumption. For example, Belgian arborist Baron de Poerderlé, writing in the 1770s, asserted, "''Cet arbre tire son nom de l'Arménie, province d'Asie, d'où il est originaire et d'où il fut porté en Europe ...''" ("this tree takes its name from Armenia, province of Asia, where it is native, and whence it was brought to Europe ..."). A large variety of apricots, around 50, are grown in Armenia today.

Apricots have been cultivated in China since no later than 1000 BC. Beginning in about the seventh century, apricots in China have been preserved by various methods, including salting and smoking, and the more common drying. Hubei is noted for its black smoked apricots.

Its introduction to Greece is attributed to Alexander the Great.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Vol. 1, pp. 203–205. Macmillan. .

Apricots have been cultivated in Persia since antiquity, and dried ones were an important commodity on Persian trade routes. Apricots remain an important fruit in modern-day Iran.

An article on Apricot cultivation in Andalusia of Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, ''Book on Agriculture''.

Egyptians usually dry apricots, add sweetener, and then use them to make a drink called ''amar al-dīn''.

In England during the 17th century, apricot oil was used in herbalism treatments intended to act against tumors, swelling, and ulcers.

In the 17th century, English settlers brought the apricot to the English colonies in the New World. Most of modern American production of apricots comes from the seedlings carried to the West Coast by Spanish missionaries. Almost all U.S. commercial production is in California, with some in Washington and Utah.

Today, apricot cultivation has spread to all parts of the globe having climates that can support its growth needs.

Uses

Seeds or kernels of the apricot grown in central Asia and around the Mediterranean are so sweet, they may be substituted for almonds. The Italian liqueur amaretto and amaretti biscotti are flavoured with extract of apricot kernels rather than almonds. Oil pressed from these cultivar kernels, and known as oil of almond, has been used as cooking oil. Kernels contain between 2.05% and 2.40% hydrogen cyanide, but normal consumption is insufficient to produce serious effects.

Etymology

The scientific name ''armeniaca'' was first used by Gaspard Bauhin in his ''Pinax Theatri Botanici'' (page 442), referring to the species as ''Mala armeniaca'' "Armenian apple". It is sometimes stated that this came from Pliny the Elder, but it was not used by Pliny. Linnaeus took up Bauhin's epithet in the first edition of his ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753.

The name ''apricot'' is probably derived from a tree mentioned as ''praecocia'' by Pliny. Pliny says "We give the name of apples (''mala'') ... to peaches (''persica'') and pomegranates (''granata'') ..." Later in the same section he states "The Asiatic peach ripens at the end of autumn, though an early variety (''praecocia'') ripens in summer – these were discovered within the last thirty years ...".

The classical authors connected Greek ''armeniaca'' with Latin ''praecocia'': Pedanius Dioscorides' " ... " and Martial's ''"Armeniaca, et praecocia latine dicuntur"''. Putting together the ''Armeniaca'' and the ''Mala'' obtains the well-known epithet, but there is no evidence the ancients did it; ''Armeniaca'' alone meant the apricot. Nonetheless, the 12th century Andalusian agronomist Ibn al-'Awwam refers to the species in the title of chapter 40 of his ''Kitab al-Filaha'' as والتفاح الارمني, ''"apple from Armenia"'', stating that it is the same as المشمش or البرقوق ("al-mishmish" or "al-barqūq").

Accordingly, the '' American Heritage Dictionary'' under ''apricot'' derives ''praecocia'' from ''praecoquus'', "cooked or ripened beforehand" n this case meaning ''early ripening'' becoming Greek ''πραικόκιον'' ''praikókion'' "apricot" and Arabic البرقوق ''al-barqūq'', a term that has been used for a variety of different members of the genus ''Prunus'' (it currently refers primarily to the plum in most varieties of Arabic, but some writers use it as a catchall term for ''Prunus'' fruit).

The English name comes from earlier "''abrecock''" in turn from the Middle French ''abricot'', from Catalan ''abercoc'' in turn from Spanish ''albaricoque''. The Spanish ''albaricoque'' were adaptation of the Arabic البرقوق (al-barqūq), dating from the Moorish rule of Spain. Al-barquq in its turn comes from the Aramaic/Syriac word of barquqyo.

However, in Argentina and Chile the word for "apricot" is ''damasco'', which could indicate that, to the Spanish settlers of these countries, the fruit was associated with Damascus in Syria. The word ''damasco'' is also the word for "apricot" in Portuguese (both European and Brazilian, though in Portugal the words ''alperce'' and ''albricoque'' are also used).

In culture

The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word 杏壇 (literally: 'apricot altar') which means "educational circle", is still widely used in written language. Chuang Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in the 4th century BCE, told a story that Confucius taught his students in a forum surrounded by the wood of apricot trees. The association with medicine in turn comes from the common use of apricot kernels as a component in traditional Chinese medicine, and from the story of Dong Feng (董奉), a physician during the Three Kingdoms period, who required no payment from his patients except that they plant apricot trees in his orchard on recovering from their illnesses, resulting in a large grove of apricot trees and a steady supply of medicinal ingredients. The term "Expert of the Apricot Grove" (杏林高手) is still used as a poetic reference to physicians.

In Armenia, the wood of the apricot tree is used for making wood carvings such as the ''duduk'', which is a popular wind instrument in Armenia and is also called the apricot pipe. Several hand-made souvenirs are also made from the apricot wood.

See also

* Barack (brandy)
* List of apricot diseases
* Peacotum, peach-apricot-plum hybrids
* Pluot, various apricot-plum hybrids, mostly involving ''P. armeniaca''
* ''Prunus dasycarpa'', "black apricot" or "purple apricot", a ''P. armeniaca'' hybrid

References

External links

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armeniaca
Apricots
Crops originating from China
Flora of Central Asia
Flora of China
Fruits originating in Asia
Garden plants of Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Fruit trees