Armenia (name)

The name ''Armenia'' enters English via Latin, from Ancient Greek .

The Armenian endonym for the Armenian people and country is ''hayer'' and ''Hayastan'', respectively. The exact etymologies of the names of Armenia are unknown, and there are various speculative attempts to connect them to older toponyms or ethnonyms.

Armenia/Armenians

''Armenia'' and ''Armenians'' are the most common names used internationally to refer to the country Armenia and the Armenian people. Armenians themselves do not use it while speaking Armenian, making it an exonym.

Etymology

Multiple theories and speculations exist about the origin of the name ''Armenia'', but no consensus has been reached by historians and linguists. Armenologist Nicholas Adontz has rejected some of the speculations in his 1946 book.'

The earliest unambiguous and universally accepted attestation of the name dates to the 6th century BC, from the trilingual Behistun Inscription, where the names ''Armina'' (in Old Persian), ''Harminuya'' (in Elamite), and ''Urashtu'' (in Babylonian) and their equivalent demonyms are used in reference to Armenia and people from Armenia. In Greek, (meaning ''Armenians'') is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 476 BC).

From Indo-European ''*ar-''

Some authors have connected ''Armenia'' to the Indo-European root ''*ar-'' meaning "to assemble".

From ''Armani'' and/or ''Armânum''

Early 20th century Armenologists have suggested that Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 ''a-r-mi-i-n(a)'' and the Greek ''Armenoi'' are continuations of an Assyrian toponym ''Armânum'' or ''Armanî''. There are certain Bronze Age records identified with the toponym in both Mesopotamian and Egyptian sources. The earliest is from an inscription which mentions '' Armânum'' together with '' Ibla'' as territories conquered by Naram-Sin of Akkad in c. 2250 BC identified with an Akkadian colony in the Diarbekr region. Many historians, such as Wayne Horowitz, identify ''Armanî'' which was conquered by Naram-Sin of Akkad, with the Syrian city of Aleppo.

''Armenia'' has also been claimed as a variant of ''Urmani'' (or ''Urmenu''), attested epigraphically in an inscription of Menuas of Urartu.

It is possible that the name ''Armenia'' originates in ''Armini'', Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country." The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the Mushki and the Kaskians. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.

From ''Har-Minni''

Alternatively, ''Armenia'' is interpreted by some as ''^ḪARMinni'', that is, "the mountainous region of the Minni". ''Minni'' (מנּי) is also a Biblical name of the region, appearing in the Bible () alongside Ararat and Ashchenaz, probably the same as the ''Minnai'' of Assyrian inscriptions, corresponding to the Mannai. The Elamite name for Armenia was inscribed as ''har-mi-nu-ya''.

From ''Erimena''

The name ''Erimena'' appears in Urartian inscriptions as the father of king Rusa III, which can be interpreted to mean "Rusa, son of the Armenian".

''Armen'' tribe hypothesis

There have been further speculations as to the existence of a Bronze Age tribe of the ''Armens'' (''Armans'', ''Armani''; Armenian: , ), either identical to or forming a subset of the Hayasa-Azzi.Elisabeth Bauer. ''Armenia: Past and Present'' (1981), p. 49 In this case, ''Armenia'' would be an ethnonym rather than a toponym. Attestations of such a tribe have never been found.

From ''Aram'' and/or ''Arame''

Armenian tradition has an eponymous ancestor, Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk (), son of Harma and father of Ara the Beautiful (according to classical Armenian historian Moses of Chorene).''History of Armenia'' by Father Michael Chamich from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, 1827, page 19: " ramwas the first to raise the Armenian name to any degree of renown; so that contemporary nations ... called them the Aramians, or followers of Aram, a name which has been corrupted into Armenians; and the country they inhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Armenia." A much older Aram, the son of Shem, is also mentioned from the Book of Genesis, Historian Flavius Josephus, and the Dead Sea Scrolls, as being the sovereign over "all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara." '' Aram'' is sometimes equated with Arame of Urartu, the earliest known king of Urartu. The endonym ''Hayk’'' (from Classical Armenian) in the same tradition is traced to Hayk himself.

The names ''Armen'' and ''Arman'', feminine ''Arminé'', are common given names by Armenians. ''Armin'' is also a Persian given name.

Hayastan/Hayk/Hayer

Armenian people use names derived from the stem ''hay-'' as their endonym. ''Hay'' (singular) and ''Hayer'' (plural) is used to refer to the Armenian people. ''Hayastan'' (H''ay'' + '' -a-'' + ''-stan'') is used to refer to their country, while ''Hayk'' was used historically and is still used today romantically.

Etymology

From ''Hatti''

According to Diakonoff, the ethnonym may derive from the unattested Proto-Armenian name ''*hatiyos or *hatyos → *hayo → hay,'' related to Urartian 𒆳𒄩𒀀𒋼 (''^KURḫa-a-te'', "the land of Hittites"), from Hittite 𒄩𒋾 (ḫa-ti / Proto-Indo-European intervocalic ''*-t-'' drops and yields /y/. Compare '' *ph₂tḗr'' → ''*hatir'' → ''*hayir'' → '' hayr'' ("father"). Other examples include '' *h₂eh₁ter-'' → '' *ātr-'' → ''*ayr'' → '' ayrem'' ("burn"), ''wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰréh₂tēr">*bʰréh₂tēr'' → ''wikt:եղբայր#Old Armenian">ełbayr'' ("brother").

The name Ḫāte was given by Urartians to all lands west of Euphrates, including the territory around Malatya (a region assumed to be occupied by speakers of Proto-Armenians). Diakonoff theorized that when the Urartians were assimilated among the Proto-Armenians, they took over their Indo-European language and called themselves by the same name of the "Hittites".

From ''Hayasa''

Others suggest that the etymology of the ''hay-'' stem derives from the name of a realm in proximity to the Armenian Highlands called ''Ḫayaša''.

The presumption is that the name ''Hayk would derive from ''Hayasa'', but Diakonoff considers this "not provable and in its very essence not probable." According to Kapantsjan, the suffix ''-sa'' in ''Hayasa'' as the ancient Luwian toponymical suffix ''-ssas'', widely in use throughout all of Anatolia, but this suffix is not present in the Armenian language. It is also argued that the initial ''ḫ'' in ''Ḫayaša'' yielding ''/h/'' in Armenian is improbable. However, Vartan Matiossian and others argue that since Hayasa is a Hittite (or Hittite-ized) exonym applied to a foreign land, the ''-asa'' suffix can still mean "land of."Matiossian, Vartan (2009). "Azzi-Hayasa on the Black Sea? Another Puzzle of Armenian Origins". In Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.). Armenian Pontus : the Trebizond-Black Sea communities. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series. p. 75. Additionally, a pronunciation like "Ḫayasa" (i.e. "Khayasa") can be reconciled with ''Hay'' as the Hittite ''h'' and ''kh'' phonemes are interchangeable, a feature present in certain Armenian dialects as well.

From ''Hayk''

According to Armenian historiographic tradition, the endonym ''Hayk’'' (Հայք) comes from the legendary eponymous ancestor of the Armenian nation, Hayk (Հայկ).

From ''*h₂éyos''

''Hay'' may derive from the Proto Indo-European word ''*h₂éyos'' (or possibly ''*áyos''), meaning "metal." According to this theory, Hayasa meant "land of metal," referring to the early metallurgy techniques developed in the region.

According to Hittitologist J.G. Macqueen, the region of Hayasa-Azzi was rich in metallic ores. The presence of this resource piqued the interest of the Hittites and led to frequent clashes between Hayasa-Azzi and Hatti, who needed Hayasa's metals to produce weapons.

The Armenian Highlands and Pontus-region were famous for bronze and iron smelting techniques into the Classical-era. The Ancient Greeks and Romans made mention of a people to the immediate north of Armenia called Chalybes (Χᾰ́λῠψ). Some scholars have theorized this name means "steel."

From ''*poti''

19th century linguists Friedrich Spiegel and Heinrich Kiepert proposed that ''hay'' might derive from
*poti
', Proto-Indo-European for "lord, master, husband." According to this theory, the name, with plural suffix, developed from ''*potiio''→''*hetiyo''→''*hatiyo''→''hay''. The ''p→h'' and ''t→y'' consanant shifts are common in Armenian. For example, the Proto-Indo-European word ''*pH₂tér-'' (father) became ''hayr'' in Armenian. Additionally, a vowel shift from ''o''→ ''a'' is explicable as it is present in other Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit ''patih'' (master, husband) and Lithuanian ''patis'' (husband), both descended from Proto-Indo-European ''*poti''. According to Armen Petrosyan, ''hay'' has been used to mean "husband, chief of family" in several Armenian dialects. Petrosyan suggests that Etiuni, the name of a powerful tribal confederation to the immediate north of Urartu, may reflect a Urartian-language form of ''*hetiyo'' or ''*hatiyo''.

Somkheti/Somekhi

This form, and forms derived from it, is used by Georgians and some peoples of the Caucasus.

Etymology

According to Diakonoff, the name is derived by metathesis from the name of the country called ''Suḫmu'' in Akkadian and ''Zuhma'' in Hittite, located in the upper Euphrates valley, close to South-Caucasian tribes, and is presumed to have been inhabited by Proto-Armenians.

According to Professor James R. Russell of Harvard University, Somekhi refers to the Mushki, who Diakonoff suggested were Armenian-speakers.

Ararat/Urartu

Used historically as a synonym for ''Armenia'', in the forms of '' Urartu'' in the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian and ''Urashtu'' in the Babylonian dialect, as well as ''Ararat'' in Biblical Hebrew. The name ''Ararat'' was changed to ''Armenia'' in the Bible as early as the 1st century AD in historiographical works and very early Latin translations. This name was attested as ''Uruatri'' as early as the 13th century BC by Assyrian king Shalmaneser I, and it was used interchangeably with ''Armenia'' until the last known attestation from the 5th century BC by Xerxes in his XV Inscriptions. Sometime during the early periods of Classical Antiquity, the use of ''Urartu'' declined and was fully replaced with ''Armenia''. The name continued to be used in the form of '' Ayrarat'' for the central province of Ancient Armenia (also attested as ''Aurarat'' by Strabo), as a scarcely used alternative name for the First Republic of Armenia (''Araratian Republic''), and for a short-lived and self-proclaimed Kurdish state known as the Republic of Ararat. Today, ''Ararat'' is used as one of the names given to the twin-peaked mountain in the Armenian Highlands, in modern-day Turkey, and for a province by the same name in the Republic of Armenia. It's also a common given name used by Armenians.

Modern names

References

*Horace Abram Rigg, Jr., ''A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu'' Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1937), pp. 416–418.

External links

Armenian History; Tacentral.comHistory of Armenia

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History of Armenia
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