![Map Arkhangelsk Governorate](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Map_Arkhangelsk_Governorate.jpg)
Arkhangelsk Governorate (russian: link=no, Архангельская губерния, ''Arkhangelskaya guberniya'') was an administrative division (a ''
guberniya'') of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
and
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
, which existed from 1796 until 1929. Its seat was in Arkhangelsk. The governorate was located in the north of the Russian Empire and bordered
Tobolsk Governorate
Tobolsk Governorate (russian: Тобольская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and RSFSR located in the Ural Mountains and Siberia. It existed from 1796 to 1920; its ...
in the east,
Vologda Governorate
Vologda Governorate (russian: link=no, Вологодская губерния, ''Vologodskaya guberniya'', ''Government of Vologda'') was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed fr ...
in the south,
Olonets Governorate
The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a '' guberniya'' (governorate) of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded west by Finland, north and east by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and sout ...
in the southwest,
Sweden (later
Grand Duchy of Finland
The Grand Duchy of Finland ( fi, Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta; sv, Storfurstendömet Finland; russian: Великое княжество Финляндское, , all of which literally translate as Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecess ...
and later independent
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
) in the west, and
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...
in north-west. In the north, the governorate was limited by the
White
White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White o ...
and
Barents Sea
The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
s.
The area of the governorate is currently split between
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
and
Murmansk Oblasts, the
Komi Republic
The Komi Republic (russian: Республика Коми; kv, Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of th ...
, the
Republic of Karelia, and the
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The Nenets Autonomous Okrug (russian: Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг; Nenets: Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, ''Nenjocije awtonomnoj ŋokruk'') is a federal subject of Russia and an autonomous okrug of ...
.
History
![Nakolka (Arkhangelsk Governorate late 19th early 20th century)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Nakolka_%28Arkhangelsk_Governorate_late_19th_early_20th_century%29.jpg)
In 1780, the
Archangelgorod Governorate, with its center in Arkhangelsk, was abolished and transformed into the
Vologda Viceroyalty
Vologda Viceroyalty (russian: Волого́дское наме́стничество) was an administrative division (a '' namestnichestvo'') of the Russian Empire, which existed in 1780–1796. The seat of the Viceroyalty was located in Vologda ...
. The viceroyalty was subdivided into three
oblast
An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdo ...
s:
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
,
Veliky Ustyug
Veliky Ustyug (russian: Вели́кий У́стюг) is a town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 31,665.
Velik ...
, and
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
. On 26 March 1784, the Arkhangelsk Oblast was split off and formed into the Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty. Tsar
Paul I Paul I may refer to:
*Paul of Samosata (200–275), Bishop of Antioch
* Paul I of Constantinople (died c. 350), Archbishop of Constantinople
*Pope Paul I (700–767)
*Paul I Šubić of Bribir (c. 1245–1312), Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia
*Pau ...
on 12 December 1796 issued a decree remaining Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty into Arkhangelsk Governorate. Simultaneously, the
Olonets Viceroyalty
Olonets (russian: Оло́нец; krl, Anus, olo, Anuksenlinnu; fi, Aunus, Aunuksenkaupunki or Aunuksenlinna) is a town and the administrative center of Olonetsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the Olonka River to t ...
was abolished, and the
Kemsky Uyezd Kemsky Uyezd (''Ке́мский уе́зд'') was one of the subdivisions of the Arkhangelsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the western part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kem. In terms of present-day adm ...
and about a half of the
Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to the Arkhangelsk Governorate.
In 1780, the Arkhangelsk Oblast (and later the Arkhangelsk Viceroyalty) was subdivided into seven
uyezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...
s (the administrative centers, which all had the town status, are given in parentheses),
*
Arkhangelsky Uyezd (
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (, ; rus, Арха́нгельск, p=ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near ...
)
*
Kholmogorsky Uyezd (
Kholmogory)
*
Kolsky Uyezd
Kolsky Uyezd (russian: Ко́льский уе́зд) was an administrative division (an uyezd) of the Tsardom of Russia and later of the Russian Empire.
History 16th–17th centuries
Russian expansion to the Kola Peninsula can be traced to th ...
(
Kola
KOLA (99.9 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Redlands, California, and broadcasting to the Riverside-San Bernardino-Inland Empire radio market. It is owned by the Anaheim Broadcasting Corporation and it airs a classic hits radio for ...
)
*
Mezensky Uyezd (
Mezen)
*
Onezhsky Uyezd (
Onega)
*
Pinezhsky Uyezd (
Pinega
Pinega (russian: Пинега) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural locality (a settlement), formerly a town, in Pinezhsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Pinega River (hence the name). It se ...
)
*
Shenkursky Uyezd (
Shenkursk
Shenkursk (russian: Шенку́рск) is a town and the administrative center of Shenkursky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vaga River. Population:
Geography Climate
History
Shenkursk was first me ...
)
Mezen, Onega, and Pinega were incorporated as towns in 1780 just to become the uyezd towns. Kola was incorporated in 1784.
![Zapadnye gubernii Rossii 1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Zapadnye_gubernii_Rossii_1917.png)
In 1801, portions of the Povenetsky Uyezd were transferred to the
Olonets Governorate
The Olonets Governorate or Government of Olonets was a '' guberniya'' (governorate) of north-western Imperial Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga almost to the White Sea, bounded west by Finland, north and east by Arkhangelsk and Vologda, and sout ...
, while the
Kemsky Uyezd Kemsky Uyezd (''Ке́мский уе́зд'') was one of the subdivisions of the Arkhangelsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the western part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kem. In terms of present-day adm ...
, with its center in
Kem, was left to remain in the Arkhangelsk Governorate. In 1854, the town of Kola was destroyed during the
Crimean War
The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia.
Geopolitical causes of the war included the ...
, and Kolsky Uyezd was merged into the Kemsky Uyezd. In 1883, the Kolsky Uyezd was restored, but in 1899, the Uyezds center was transferred to
Aleksandrovsk, and the uyezd was renamed to become the Aleksandrovsky Uyezd. In 1891,
Pechorsky Uyezd with its center in
Ust-Tsilma was split off from the Mezensky Uyezd.
The governorate's structure remained in place after the
1917 revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of governm ...
. In 1917, the governorate thus comprised nine uyezds. On 2 March 1918, the
Ust-Vashsky Uyezd with its center in
Ust-Vashka was split off from the Mezensky Uyezd (On 6 February 1922 it was abolished and merged back into the Mezensky Uyezd). Also in 1918, the western part of the Aleksandrovsky Uyezd was transferred to
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
, which became independent, and the rest of the uyezd was incorporated as
Murmansk Governorate
Murmansk Governorate (russian: Му́рманская губе́рния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the early Russian SFSR which existed in 1921–1927.''Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast'', pp.&nbs ...
. In 1920, the Kemsky Uyezd was transferred to the Karel Labour Commune, which later became the
Karelian Socialist Soviet Republic. In 1922, the major part of the Pechorsky District was moved to the newly established
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast ( Komi: Коми (Зыряна) асвеськӧдлан обласьт, ''Komi (Zyryana) asves’ködlan oblas’t'') created on 22 August 1921. It is one of several autonomous oblasts that existed in the Russian SFS ...
. On 15 March 1922, the Kholmogorsky Uyezd was renamed into the
Yemetsky Uyezd, and the uyezds town was transferred from Kholmogory to
Yemetsk
Yemetsk (russian: Емецк) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Yemetskoye Rural Settlement of Kholmogorsky District
Kholmogorsky District (russian: Холмого́рский райо́н) is an administrative distric ...
.
In the following period, administrative changes in the governorate occurred almost on the yearly basis. In 1928, the governorate consisted of five uyezds: Arkhangelsky, Mezensky, Onezhsky, Pechorsky, and Shenkursky.
On 14 January 1929, by the order of the
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, three
governorates (Arkhangelsk,
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
, and
Northern Dvina
The Northern Dvina (russian: Се́верная Двина́, ; kv, Вы́нва / Výnva) is a river in northern Russia flowing through the Vologda Oblast and Arkhangelsk Oblast into the Dvina Bay of the White Sea. Along with the Pechora River ...
) and
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast
Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast ( Komi: Коми (Зыряна) асвеськӧдлан обласьт, ''Komi (Zyryana) asves’ködlan oblas’t'') created on 22 August 1921. It is one of several autonomous oblasts that existed in the Russian SFS ...
were merged into
Northern Krai
Northern Krai (russian: Северный край, ''Severny Krai'') was a ''krai'' (a first-level administrative and municipal unit) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1929 to 1936. Its seat was in the city of Arkhangelsk. ...
.
Governors
The administration tasks in the vice-royalty were shared between a governor and a governor general; the governorate had a military governor and a (civil) governor; the military governors were not always appointed. Sometimes a governor general was appointed. The governors of Arkhangelogorod Viceroyalty were
* 1784–1796 Ivan Romanovich Liven (Johann Christophor Lieven), a governor
* 1796–1797 Ivan Ilyich Grevens, a governor
* 1784–1793
Timofey Ivanovich Tutolmin, a governor general;
* 1793–1796 Pyotr Petrovich Konovnitsyn, a governor general;
* 1796 Ivan Romanovich Liven, a governor general.
The governors of Arkhangelsk Governorate were
* 1797 Dmitry Fyodorovich Glinka;
* 1797–1798 Nikolay Isayevich Akhverdov;
* 1798–1799 Nazariy Stepanovich Muravyov;
* 1799–1802 Ivan Fyodorovich Mezentsev;
* 1802 Alexey Matveyevich Okulov;
* 1802–1803 Pyotr Fyodorovich Martyanov, acting governor;
* 1803–1804 Alexandr Matveyevich Veryovkin;
* 1804–1805 Pyotr Fyodorovich Martyanov, acting governor;
* 1805–1807 Kazimir Ash;
* 1807–1823 Andrey Yakovlevich Perfilyev;
* 1823–1824 Nikolay Sergeyevich Tukhachevsky;
* 1824–1827 Yakov Fyodorovich Ganskau;
* 1827–1829 Ivan Yakovlevich Bukharin;
* 1829–1831 Vladimir Sergeyevich Filimonov;
* 1831–1837 Ilya Ivanovich Ogaryov;
* 1837 Viktor Yakovlevich Roslavets;
* 1837 Nikolay Ivanovich Khmelnitsky;
* 1837–1839
Alexander Nikolayevich Muravyov, formerly sentenced as a
decembrist
The Decembrist Revolt ( ru , Восстание декабристов, translit = Vosstaniye dekabristov , translation = Uprising of the Decembrists) took place in Russia on , during the interregnum following the sudden death of Emperor Al ...
;
* 1839–1842 Platon Viktorovich Stepanov;
* 1842–1843 Mikhail Fyodorovich Nozhin, acting governor;
* 1843–1856 Vilem (Vikentiy) Frantsevich Fribers;
* 1856–1863 Nikolay Ivanovich Arandarenko;
* 1863–1866 Nikolay Martynovich Garting;
* 1866 Alexey Gavrilovich Kaznacheyev;
* 1866–1869 Sergey Pavlovich Gagarin;
* 1869–1870 Nikolay Alexandrovich Kachalov;
* 1871–1880 Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev;
* 1880–1881 Modest Mavrikiyevich Koniar;
* 1881–1882
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Baranov;
* 1882–1883 Pyotr Alexeyevich Poltoratsky;
* 1883 Nikolay Pavlovich Shchepkin;
* 1883–1885 Konstantin Ivanovich Pashchenko;
* 1885–1893
Nikolay Dmitrievich Golitsyn, later the last Imperial Prime Minister of Russia;
* 1893–1901 Alexander Platonovich Engelgardt;
* 1901–1904 Nikolay Aleksandrovich Rimsky-Korsakov;
* 1904–1905 Nikolay Georgievich fon Byunting (von Bünting);
* 1905–1907 Nikolay Nikolayevich Kachalov;
* 1907–1911 Ivan Vasilyevich Sosnovsky;
* 1911–1917 Sergey Dmitriyevich Bibikov.
After February 1917, the highest authority in the governorate belonged to the Comissar of the Governorate, and after November 1917 – to the Governorate Executive Committee (with the exception of the period of the
Civil War in Russia, when Arkhangelsk was occupied by the
Entente troops). The governors were not appointed any more.
The military governors of Arkhangelsk Governorate were
* 1797–1798 Ivan Romanovich Liven;
* 1798 Boris Borisovich Letstsano (Lezzano);
* 1798
Dmitry Ivanovich Lobanov-Rostovsky;
* 1798–1799 Dmitry Petrovich Volkonsky;
* 1799–1801 Karl Andreyevich Liven;
* 1802–1803 Sergey Andreyevich Bekleshov;
* 1803–1807 Ivan Petrovich Ferster;
* 1807–1811 Martin Petrovich Dezin;
* 1811–1813 Alexey Grigoryevich Spiridov;
* 1813–1820 Alexey Fedotovich Klokachyov;
* 1842–1850 Alexander Ivanovich Traverse;
* 1850–1854 Roman Platonovich Boil;
* 1854–1857 Stepan Petrovich Khrushchov;
* 1857–1859 Bogdan Alexandrovich Glazenap;
* 1907 Dmitry Davidovich Grigoryev.
The following governors general were appointed,
* 1820–1823 Alexey Fedotovich Klokachyov;
* 1823–1830 Stepan Ivanovich Minitsky;
* 1836–1842 Iosif Ivanovich Sulima;
* 1862–? Konstantin Ivanovich Istomin;
* 1915 Arkady Mikhaylovich Valuyev, acting governor general.
Demography
Language
*By the Imperial census of 1897.
Language Statistics of 1897
References
External links
The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia (1777 territorial units)
{{Authority control
1796 establishments in the Russian Empire
1929 disestablishments in Russia