''Aristolochia'' () is a large
plant
Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclu ...
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
with over 500
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
that is the
type genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name.
Zoological nomenclature
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal ...
of the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Aristolochiaceae
The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is ''Aristolochia'' L.
Description
They are mostly perennial, he ...
. Its members are commonly known as birthwort, pipevine or Dutchman's pipe and are widespread and occur in the most diverse climates. Some species, like ''
A. utriformis'' and ''
A. westlandii'', are threatened with
extinction.
''Isotrema'' is usually included here, but might be a valid genus. If so, it contains those species with a three-lobed
calyx.
Description
![Starr 010420-0105 Aristolochia littoralis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Starr_010420-0105_Aristolochia_littoralis.jpg)
''Aristolochia'' is a genus of evergreen and deciduous
lianas (woody vines) and herbaceous
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...
s. The smooth
stem is erect or somewhat twining. The simple
leaves are alternate and
cordate
Cordate is an adjective meaning ' heart-shaped' and is most typically used for:
* Cordate (leaf shape)
The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a ...
, membranous, growing on leaf stalks. There are no
stipule
In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many speci ...
s.
The
flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...
s grow in the leaf
axils. They are inflated and
globose
A sphere () is a geometrical object that is a three-dimensional analogue to a two-dimensional circle. A sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance from a given point in three-dimensional space.. That given point is the ...
at the base, continuing as a long
perianth
The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower, and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla ( petals) or tepals when ...
tube, ending in a tongue-shaped, brightly colored lobe. There is no
corolla. The
calyx is one to three whorled, and three to six toothed. The
sepal
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...
s are united (gamosepalous). There are six to 40
stamens in one whorl. They are united with the style, forming a
gynostemium
The column, or technically the gynostemium, is a reproductive structure that can be found in several plant families: Aristolochiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Stylidiaceae.
It is derived from the fusion of both male and female parts ( stamens and pist ...
. The
ovary is inferior and is four to six locular.
These flowers have a specialized pollination mechanism. The plants are aromatic and their strong scent attracts insects. The inner part of the perianth tube is covered with hairs, acting as a fly-trap. These hairs then wither to release the fly, covered with pollen.
The
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
is dehiscent
capsule with many endospermic seeds.
The common names ''Dutchman's pipe'' and ''pipevine'' (e.g. common pipevine, ''
A. durior'') are an allusion to old-fashioned
meerschaum
Sepiolite, also known in English by the German name meerschaum ( , ; ; meaning " sea foam"), is a soft white clay mineral, often used to make tobacco pipes (known as meerschaum pipes). A complex magnesium silicate, a typical chemical formula ...
pipes at one time common in the Netherlands and northern Germany. ''Birthwort'' (e.g. European birthwort ''
A. clematitis'') refers to these species' flower shape, resembling a
birth canal
In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hyme ...
.
Aristolochia was first described by the 4th c. BC Greek philosopher and botanist
Theophrastus
Theophrastus (; grc-gre, Θεόφραστος ; c. 371c. 287 BC), a Greek philosopher and the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He was a native of Eresos in Lesbos.Gavin Hardy and Laurence Totelin, ''Ancient Botany'', Routle ...
in his ‘’Inquiry of Plants’’
X.8.3 and the scientific name ''Aristolochia'' was developed from
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...
''aristos'' (''άριστος'') "best" + ''locheia'' (''λοχεία''), ''childbirth'' or ''childbed'', relating to its known ancient use in childbirth. The Roman orator
Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...
records a different tradition, that the plant was named for the otherwise unknown individual with the common Greek name Aristolochos, who had learned from a dream that it was an antidote for snake bites.
Herbalism, toxicity and carcinogenicity
The species ''
Aristolochia clematitis
''Aristolochia clematitis'', the (European) birthwort, is a twining herbaceous plant in the family Aristolochiaceae, which is native to Europe. The leaves are heart shaped and the flowers are pale yellow and tubular in form. The plant seeks lig ...
'' was highly regarded as a medicinal plant since the ancient
Egyptians,
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (; el, Έλληνες, ''Éllines'' ) are an ethnic group and nation indigenous to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea regions, namely Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and, to a lesser extent, oth ...
and
Romans
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
, and on until the
Early Modern era; it also plays a role in
traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. It has been described as "fraught with pseudoscience", with the majority of its treatments having no logical mechanism of acti ...
. Due to its resemblance to the uterus, the
doctrine of signatures
The doctrine of signatures, dating from the time of Dioscorides and Galen, states that herbs resembling various parts of the body can be used by herbalists to treat ailments of those body parts. A theological justification, as stated by botanist ...
held that ''birthwort'' was useful in childbirth. A preparation was given to women upon delivery to expel the
placenta
The placenta is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate mate ...
, as noted by the herbalist
Dioscurides
Pedanius Dioscorides ( grc-gre, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης, ; 40–90 AD), “the father of pharmacognosy”, was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of ''De materia medica'' (, On Medical Material) —a 5-vol ...
in the 1st century AD. Despite its presence in ancient medicine, ''Aristolochia'' is known to contain the lethal toxin
aristolochic acid.
The ''
Bencao Gangmu
The ''Bencao gangmu'', known in English as the ''Compendium of Materia Medica'' or ''Great Pharmacopoeia'', is an encyclopedic gathering of medicine, natural history, and Chinese herbology compiled and edited by Li Shizhen and published in the ...
'', compiled by Li Shi-Zhen in the latter part of the sixteenth century, was based on the author's experience and on data obtained from earlier herbals; this Chinese herbal classic describes 1892 "drugs" (with 1110 drawings), including many species of ''Aristolochia''. For 400 years, the ''Bencao Gangmu'' remained the principal source of information in traditional Chinese medicine and the work was translated into numerous languages, reflecting its influence in countries other than China. In the mid-twentieth century, the ''Bencao Gangmu'' was replaced by modern ''Materia Medica'', the most comprehensive source being ''Zhong Hua Ben Cao'' (''Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica''), published in 1999. The ''Encyclopedia'' lists 23 species of ''Aristolochia'', though with little mention of toxicity. The Chinese government currently lists the following ''Aristolochia'' herbs: ''A. manshuriensis'' (stems), ''A. fangchi'' (root), ''A. debilis'' (root and fruit), and ''
A. contorta'' (fruit), two of which (''madouling'' and ''qingmuxiang'') appear in the 2005
Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China
A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography ''pharmacopœia'', meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published b ...
.
In traditional Chinese medicine ''Aristolochia'' species are used for certain forms of acute
arthritis and
edema.
Despite the toxic properties of aristolochic acid, naturopaths claim that a decoction of birthwort stimulates the production and increases the activity of
white blood cells, or that pipevines contain a
disinfectant which assists in
wound healing
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue.
In undamaged skin, the epidermis (surface, epithelial layer) and dermis (deeper, connective layer) form a protective barrier again ...
. Also, ''
Aristolochia bracteolata'' is colloquially known as "worm killer" due to supposed
antihelminthic
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may ...
activity.
''Aristolochia'' taxa have also been used as reptile repellents. ''
A. serpentaria'' (Virginia snakeroot) is thus named because the root was used to treat snakebite, as "so offensive to these reptiles, that they not only avoid the places where it grows, but even flee from the traveler who carries a piece of it in his hand". ''A. pfeiferi'', ''A. rugosa'', and ''A. trilobata'' are also used in folk medicine to treat snakebites.
Toxicity and carcinogenicity
In 1993, a series of end-stage renal disease cases was reported
[ from ]Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
associated with a weight loss treatment, where '' Stephania tetrandra'' in a herbal preparation was suspected of being replaced with '' Aristolochia fangchi''. More than 105 patients were identified with nephropathy
Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney. Nephritis is an inflammatory kidney disease and has several types according to the location of the inflammation. Inflammation can b ...
following the ingestion of this preparation from the same clinic from 1990 to 1992. Many required renal transplantation or dialysis. Aristolochia is a component of some Chinese herbal medicines.
''Aristolochia'' has been shown to be both a potent carcinogen and kidney toxin. Herbal compounds containing ''Aristolochia'' are classified as a Group 1 Group 1 may refer to:
* Alkali metal, a chemical element classification for Alkali metal
* Group 1 (racing), a historic (until 1981) classification for Touring car racing, applied to standard touring cars. Comparable to modern FIA Group N
* Group On ...
carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer). This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive subs ...
by the International Agency for Research on Cancer
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; french: Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization of the United Nations.
Its role is to conduct and ...
. Epidemiological and laboratory studies have identified ''Aristolochia'' to be a dangerous kidney toxin; ''Aristolochia'' has been shown to be associated with more than 100 cases of kidney failure. Furthermore, it appears as if contamination of grain with European birthwort (''A. clematitis'') is a cause of Balkan nephropathy
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a form of interstitial nephritis causing kidney failure. It was first identified in the 1920s among several small, discrete communities along the Danube River and its major tributaries, in the modern countries of ...
, a severe renal disease occurring in parts of southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical subregion of Europe, consisting primarily of the Balkans. Sovereign states and territories that are included in the region are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (a ...
. In 2001 the UK government banned the sale, supply and importation of any medicinal product consisting of or containing a plant of the genus Aristolochia. Several other plant species that do not cause themselves kidney poisoning, but which were commonly substituted with Aristolochia in the remedies, were prohibited in the same order.
Aristolochic acid was linked to aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in a Taiwanese study in 2012. In 2013, two studies reported that aristolochic acid is a strong carcinogen. Whole-genome and exome analysis of individuals with a known exposure to aristolochic acid revealed a higher rate of somatic mutation in DNA. Metabolites of aristolochic acid enter the cell nucleus and form adducts on DNA. While adducts on the transcribed DNA strand within genes are detected and removed by transcription-coupled repair, the adducts on the non-transcribed strand remain and eventually cause DNA replication errors. These adducts have a preference for adenine
Adenine () ( symbol A or Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative). It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The three others are guanine, cytosine and thymine. Its deri ...
bases, and cause A-to-T transversion
Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to a point mutation in DNA in which a single (two ring) purine ( A or G) is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine ( T or C), or vice versa. A transversion can be spontaneous, or it can be caused by i ...
s. Furthermore, these metabolites appear to show a preference for CAG and TAG sequences.
Garden history
Due to their spectacular flowers, several species are used as ornamental plant
Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...
s, notably the hardy ''A. durior'' of eastern North America, which was one of John Bartram's many introductions to British gardens; in 1761 Bartram sent seeds he had collected in the Ohio River Valley
The Ohio River is a long river in the United States. It is located at the boundary of the Midwestern and Southern United States, flowing southwesterly from western Pennsylvania to its mouth on the Mississippi River at the southern tip of Illinoi ...
to Peter Collinson in London, and Collinson gave them to the nurseryman James Gordon at Mile End to raise. The vine was soon adopted for creating for arbors "a canopy impenetrable to the rays of the sun, or moderate rain," as Dr John Sims noted in ''The Botanical Magazine
''The Botanical Magazine; or Flower-Garden Displayed'', is an illustrated publication which began in 1787. The longest running botanical magazine, it is widely referred to by the subsequent name ''Curtis's Botanical Magazine''.
Each of the issue ...
'', 1801.
Swallowtail butterflies
Many species of ''Aristolochia'' are eaten by the caterpillar larvae of swallowtail butterflies, thus making themselves unpalatable to most predator
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...
s. Lepidoptera feeding on pipevines include:
Choreutidae
*'' Millieria'' leaf miner
A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths ( Lepidoptera), sawflies ( Symphyta, the mother clade of wasp ...
Papilionidae
Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies in the family Papilionidae, and include over 550 species. Though the majority are tropical, members of the family inhabit every continent except Antarctica. The family includes the larg ...
* False Apollo (''Archon apollinus'') – known from numerous pipevine species
*'' Bhutanitis''
** Bhutan glory (''B. lidderdalii'') – known from ''A. griffithi'', ''A. kaempferii'', ''A. mandshuriensis'' and maybe others
** Chinese three-tailed swallowtail (''B. thaidina'') – known from ''A. moupinensis''
*Troidini
Troidini is a tribe of swallowtail butterflies that consists of some 135 species in 12 genera. Members of this tribe are superlatively large among butterflies (in terms of both wingspan and surface area) and are often strikingly coloured.
Gener ...
** Great windmill (''Atrophaneura dasarada'') – only known from ''A. griffithi''
** Common batwing (''Atrophaneura varuna'') – only known from ''A. kaempferi''
**''Troides plateni
''Troides plateni'', the Dr. Platen's birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly endemic to Palawan, Balabac, Dumaran, and the Calamian Islands in the Philippines. It is named for Dr. Carl Constantin Platen.
Habitat and conservation
''Troides plateni' ...
'' – only known from Indian birthwort (''A. tagala'')
**Cairns birdwing
''Ornithoptera euphorion'', the Cairns birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly endemic to Queensland, and is Australia's largest endemic butterfly species. Other common names include Cooktown birdwing and northern birdwing.Braby (2004) p. ...
(''Ornithoptera euphorion'')
** Richmond birdwing (''O. richmondia'')
** Paradise birdwing (''O. paradisea'')
**Rajah Brooke's birdwing (''Trogonoptera brookiana
''Trogonoptera brookiana'', Rajah Brooke's birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly from the rainforests of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Natuna, Sumatra, and various small islands west of Sumatra ( Banyak, Simeulue, Batu and Mentawai).ARKivRajah B ...
'') – only known from ''A. foveolata''
** Magellan birdwing (''T. magellanus'') – known on '' A. cucurbitifolia'', ''A. ovatifolia'', ''A. zollingeriana'' and maybe others
** Pipevine swallowtail (''Battus philenor'') – known on '' A. macrophylla'', Virginia snakeroot
''Aristolochia serpentaria'' is a species of perennial flowering plant in the Aristolochiaceae (birthwort) family. The species is commonly known as Virginia snakeroot and is native to eastern North America, from Connecticut to southern Michigan ...
('' A. serpentaria'') and others
** Polydamas Swallowtail (''Battus polydamas'')
**''Parides
''Parides'', commonly called cattlehearts, is a genus of swallowtail butterflies in the family Papilionidae. They are found in the Americas (Neotropical realm).
Species
Listed alphabetically within groups according to Möhn ''et al.'', with ann ...
'' genus of swallowtails, also called cattlehearts
* Zerynthiini
**'' Allancastria caucasica''
**Eastern Festoon
''Allancastria cerisyi'', the eastern festoon, is an Old World papilionid butterfly whose geographical range extends from the Balkans to include Turkey and the near Middle East. It exhibits several geographical variants.
It is named for Alexand ...
(''Allancastria cerisyi'') – known from numerous pipevine species
** Southern Festoon (''Zerynthia polyxena'') – known from numerous pipevine species
** Spanish Festoon (''Zerynthia rumina'') – known from numerous pipevine species
In Australia the invasive ''Aristolochia littoralis
''Aristolochia littoralis'', the calico flower or مورپنکھ بیل or elegant Dutchman's pipe, is a species of evergreen vine belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae.
Etymology
The scientific name ''Aristolochia'' was developed from Ancien ...
'' is fatal to the caterpillars of ''Ornithoptera euphorion'' and ''O. richmondia'' and threatens to displace their proper host, '' A. tagala''.
Selected species
* '' Aristolochia acuminata'' Lam.
* ''Aristolochia acutifolia''
* ''Aristolochia allemanii''
* ''Aristolochia anguicida'' Jacq. – harlequin Dutchman's pipe
* '' Aristolochia arborea''
* ''Aristolochia arcuata'' Mast.
* ''Aristolochia auricularia''
* '' Aristolochia baetica''
* ''Aristolochia bilabiata'' L. – West Indian Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia billardieri''
* ''Aristolochia bilobata'' – two-lobed Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia bodamae''
* '' Aristolochia boosii''
* ''Aristolochia bottae''
* '' Aristolochia bracteolata'' Lam. – worm killer
* ''Aristolochia bridgesii'' – Chilean yellow fox's ears
* ''Aristolochia burelae''
* '' Aristolochia californica'' Torr. – California pipevine, California Dutchman's pipe
* '' Aristolochia cauliflora'' Ule
* ''Aristolochia caudata''
* ''Aristolochia chachapoyensis''
* ''Aristolochia chapmaniana'' (= ''A. tonduzii'')
* '' Aristolochia chilensis'' Bridges ex Lindl. – Chilean fox's ears
* ''Aristolochia chrismulleriana''
* ''Aristolochia clematitis
''Aristolochia clematitis'', the (European) birthwort, is a twining herbaceous plant in the family Aristolochiaceae, which is native to Europe. The leaves are heart shaped and the flowers are pale yellow and tubular in form. The plant seeks lig ...
'' L. – European birthwort
* ''Aristolochia colossifolia'' – giant-leaved aristolochia
* ''Aristolochia constricta''
* '' Aristolochia contorta''
* ''Aristolochia cordiflora''
* ''Aristolochia cordigera''
* ''Aristolochia cornuta''
* ''Aristolochia coryi'' I.M.Johnst – Cory's Dutchman's pipe
* '' Aristolochia cucurbitifolia'' Hayata
* '' Aristolochia cucurbitoides'' C.F.Liang
* ''Aristolochia cymbifera'' Mart.
* ''Aristolochia daemoninoxia''
* ''Aristolochia dalyi''
* '' Aristolochia delavayi'' Franch.
* ''Aristolochia deltantha''
* ''Aristolochia deltoidea''
* '' Aristolochia didyma'' – ''yawar panga''
* ''Aristolochia durior
''Aristolochia macrophylla'', Dutchman's pipe or pipevine, is a vine native to the eastern United States. ''Aristolochia macrophylla'' belongs to the plant family Aristolochiaceae and is found primarily along the Cumberland Mountains and Blue R ...
'' (= ''A. macrophylla'') – common Dutchman's pipe, common pipevine
* ''Aristolochia erecta'' – swanflower
* '' Aristolochia eriantha''
* '' Aristolochia esperanzae'' Kuntze
* ''Aristolochia fangchi'' Y.C.Wu ex L.D.Chow & S.M.Hwang
* ''Aristolochia filipendulina''
* '' Aristolochia fimbriata'' – white-veined Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia foetida'' – Jalisco Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia foveolata''
* ''Aristolochia galeata''
* '' Aristolochia gibertii''
* '' Aristolochia gigantea'' Mart. – giant pelican flower, Brazilian Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia glandulosa'' J.Kickx f. – Cuban birthwort
* '' Aristolochia gorgona''
* '' Aristolochia grandiflora'' Sw. – pelican flower
* ''Aristolochia griffithi''
* ''Aristolochia guentheri''
* '' Aristolochia hainanensis'' Merr.
* ''Aristolochia hians''
* ''Aristolochia hirta''
* ''Aristolochia holtzei''
* ''Aristolochia indica
''Aristolochia indica'' (native language: Garudakkodi / Eswaramooli) is a creeper plant found in Southern India and also Sri Lanka. It Is known as 'sapsada' in Sri Lanka and is critical to the survival of the southern birdwing and common birdw ...
'' L.
* ''Aristolochia inflata''
* ''Aristolochia iquitensis''
* ''Aristolochia islandica''
* ''Aristolochia kaempferi'' Willd.
* ''Aristolochia kewensis''
* ''Aristolochia klugii'' – moth-winged birthwort
* '' Aristolochia labiata'' Willd. – mottled Dutchman's pipe, rooster flower
* ''Aristolochia leuconeura''
* '' Aristolochia lindneri''
* ''Aristolochia lingulata''
* ''Aristolochia littoralis
''Aristolochia littoralis'', the calico flower or مورپنکھ بیل or elegant Dutchman's pipe, is a species of evergreen vine belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae.
Etymology
The scientific name ''Aristolochia'' was developed from Ancien ...
'' D.Parodi – elegant Dutchman's pipe, calico flower
* '' Aristolochia longa'' – long aristolochia, sarrasine
* '' Aristolochia macrophylla'' Lam.
* '' Aristolochia macroura''
* ''Aristolochia manchuriensis''
* ''Aristolochia mathewsii''
* ''Aristolochia maurorum''
* ''Aristolochia maxima
''Aristolochia maxima'' is a plant species native to Central and South America, naturalized in southern Florida. Common names include Florida Dutchman's-pipe (US), canastilla (Guatemala), guaco (El Salvador), and tecolotillo (Mexico). In Flori ...
'' Jacq. – Florida Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia moupinensis''
* ''Aristolochia nana'' – tiny pelican flower
* '' Aristolochia obliqua'' S.M.Hwang
* ''Aristolochia odoratissima'' L. – fragrant Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia orbicularis''
* ''Aristolochia ornithocephala'' – bird's head pipevine
* ''Aristolochia ovalifolia''
* '' Aristolochia paecilantha''
* ''Aristolochia pallida''
* ''Aristolochia parviflora''
* ''Aristolochia paulistana'' Hoehne
* ''Aristolochia peltata'' L. – peltate Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia pentandra'' Jacq. – Marsh's Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia pfeiferi'' – ''dubsangid'' (Kuna language
The Kuna language (formerly Cuna, and in the language itself Guna), spoken by the Kuna people of Panama and Colombia, belongs to the Chibchan language family.
History
The Kuna were living in what is now Northern Colombia and the Darién Provin ...
)
* ''Aristolochia pilosa''
* '' Aristolochia pistolochia'' L.
* ''Aristolochia poecilantha''
* '' Aristolochia pontica''
* ''Aristolochia prostrata''
* ''Aristolochia pubera''
* '' Aristolochia quangbinhensis''
* ''Aristolochia raja''
* '' Aristolochia reticulata'' Jacq. – Red River snakeroot, Texas Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia ridicula'' N.E.Br.
* '' Aristolochia ringens'' Vahl – gaping Dutchman's pipe
* '' Aristolochia rotunda'' L. – smearwort, round birthwort, English mercury, mercury goosefoot, allgood, tola bona, fat hen – type species
* ''Aristolochia rugosa'' Lam. – mat root (Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...
)
* ''Aristolochia salvadorensis''
**''Aristolochia salvadorensis platensis''
* ''Aristolochia schippii''
* '' Aristolochia scytophylla'' S.M.Hwang & D.L.Chen
* ''Aristolochia sempervirens
''Aristolochia sempervirens'' is a species of perennial plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is found in the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean Basin, notably in Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the la ...
'' L.
* '' Aristolochia serpentaria'' L. – Virginia snakeroot
* ''Aristolochia silvatica''
* '' Aristolochia sipho'' L'Hér.
* ''Aristolochia socorroensis''
* ''Aristolochia sprucei'' – spruce-leaved aristolochia
* '' Aristolochia stevensii '' Barringer
* ''Aristolochia stomachoides''
* ''Aristolochia surinamensis'' Willd.
* '' Aristolochia tagala'' – Indian birthwort
* ''Aristolochia taliscana''
* ''Aristolochia tentaculata''
* ''Aristolochia thozetii''
* '' Aristolochia thwaitesii'' Hook
* '' Aristolochia tomentosa'' Sims – woolly pipevine, woolly Dutchman's pipe
* '' Aristolochia tricaudata''
* ''Aristolochia trilobata'' – ''bejuco de Santiago'' (Trinidad and Tobago)
* '' Aristolochia tuberosa'' C.F.Liang & S.M.Hwang
* ''Aristolochia urupaensis'' – heart-leaved aristolochia
* ''Aristolochia utriformis
''Aristolochia utriformis'' is a species of plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is endemic to China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependenci ...
'' S.M.Hwang
* '' Aristolochia watsonii'' Woot. & Standl. – Watson's Dutchman's pipe
* ''Aristolochia weddellii''
* '' Aristolochia westlandii'' Hemsl.
* ''Aristolochia wrightii'' Seem.
* '' Aristolochia yunnanensis'' Franch.
Formerly placed here
* '' Abuta amara'' (as ''Aristolochia amara'')
* '' Pararistolochia goldieana'' (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel (as ''A. goldieana'' Hook.f.)
See also
* ''Nepenthes aristolochioides
''Nepenthes aristolochioides'' is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows at elevations of 1800–2500 m above sea level. It has an extremely unusual pitcher morphology, having an almost vertical opening to its traps. ...
'', a carnivorous plant with pitchers resembling ''Aristolochia'' flowers
* Opodeldoc
Footnotes
References
* (2006)
Known and Probable Carcinogens (Including Industrial Processes, Occupational Exposures, Infectious Agents, Chemicals, and Radiation).
Version of 02/03/2006. Retrieved 2007-NOV-12.
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Further reading
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External links
* Pictures o
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{{Taxonbar, from=Q156212
Vines
Piperales genera
Abortifacients
Medicinal plants
IARC Group 1 carcinogens