Arhythmacanthidae is a family of parasitic worms from the order

Echinorhynchida Echinorhynchida is an order of parasitic worms in the phylum Acanthocephala. It contains the following families: * Arhythmacanthidae Yamaguti, 1935 * Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932 * Diplosentidae Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1937 *Echinorhynchidae Cobbol ...

Species

There are 9 genera in the family ''Arhythmacanthidae'' which contains the following species: ''Acanthocephaloides'' Meyer, 1932 *''Acanthocephaloides claviformis'' Araki & Machida, 1987 Found off

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

. The proboscis has 14 rows each of 6 hooks and 2 spines and the trunk has an anterior swelling. The apical hooks are the smallest; posterior hook largest, reaching up to 74 um. Hook and spine roots (when present) invariably simple, posteriorly directed, without manubria. Trunk spines are markedly smaller, with a variable distribution of trunk spines only on the anterior side. *''Acanthocephaloides cyrusi'' Bray, Spencer-Jones & Lewis, 1988 ''A. cyrusi'' has been found parasitizing the fish:

Blackhand sole The blackhand sole (''Pegusa nasuta'') is a fish species in the family Soleidae, common in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. It was considered a subspecies of the sand sole in past, as ''Pegusa lascaris nasuta''. Therefor ...

(''Pegusa nasuta'' referred to by its synonym ''Solea bleekeri'') and the Small-spotted grunter (''Pomadasys commersonnii'') in

Lake St. Lucia Lake St Lucia (Lake Saint Lucia) is an estuarine lake system in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is the largest estuarine lake in Southern Africa, covering an area of approximately , and falls within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (a Worl ...

Natal NATAL or Natal may refer to: Places * Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a city in Brazil * Natal, South Africa (disambiguation), a region in South Africa ** Natalia Republic, a former country (1839–1843) ** Colony of Natal, a former British colony ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

. It is distinguished from the other species in the genus ''Arhythmacanthidae'' by the more greater sexual dimorphism in length, differing arrangement of hooks, the proboscis with the longest hooks at the anterior-most part and the larger size of proboscis hooks and body spines. Specifically, the proboscis hook rows with 3 spines and 3 hooks that increase in size anteriorly. Apical hook reaches 83–101 or 118–137 um in length and has root with large, oblique, anterior manubrium. Posterior spines rootless. Whole trunk with regular transverse rows of uniform, acuminate, 13–22 um long spines. *''Acanthocephaloides delamuri'' (Parukhin, 1989) Amin, 2013 *''Acanthocephaloides distinctus'' Golvan, 1969 Found off

Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 � ...

. *''Acanthocephaloides geneticus'' (Buron, Renaud & Euzet, 1985) Found off the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

coast of

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

. *''Acanthocephaloides ichiharai'' Araki & Machida, 1987 Found off

. The proboscis has variable 13–14 (rarely 12 or 16) hook rows of 10–12 hooks/spines (9 hooks and 3 rootless spines in 1 specimen). Hook and spine roots (when present) invariably simple, posteriorly directed, without manubria with the apical hook being the smallest; posterior hook largest, and reaching up to 74 um. The trunk is cylindrical and has spines only on the anterior portion smaller than probiscus hooks and variable in their distribution. *''Acanthocephaloides irregularis'' Amin, Oğuz, Heckman, Tepe & Kvach, 2011 ''A. irregularis'' is found parasitizing the

Combtooth blenny Combtooth blennies are blenniiformids; percomorph marine fish of the family Blenniidae, part of the order Blenniiformes. They are the largest family of blennies with around 401 known species in 58 genera. Combtooth blennies are found in tropic ...

(''Parablennius zvonimiri'') in the

Gulf of Odessa The Gulf of Odesa, or Odesa Bay, ( uk, Одеська затока, Odeska zatoka) is a part of the Black Sea between North Odesa Cape in the north and Cape Velykyi Fontan in the south. Overview The coasts of the Gulf (geography), gulf have cape ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

, the Mushroom goby (''Ponticola eurycephalus'') in the

Sukhyi Estuary Sukhyi Estuary, or Sukhyi Lyman ( uk, Сухий лиман - dried estuary), is on open estuary in the north-western Black Sea, near the cities of Odesa and Chornomorsk, Ukraine. In 1957 the estuary was connected to the sea via 14-m depth navigat ...

, in the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

, and the Tubenose goby (''Proterorhinus marmoratus'') and

Black-striped pipefish The black-striped pipefish (''Syngnathus abaster'') is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic from the southern Gulf of Biscay to Gibraltar, also in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As the introduced ...

(''Syngnathus abaster'') in both locations. The species is named for its irregular distribution of trunk spines. ''A. irregularis'' is most similar to its closest relative, ''A. propinquus'' in

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

shape and armature as both have 12 longitudinal rows of 5 hooks each and the shape of the trunk, reproductive system and lemnisci. ''A. irregularis'' differs from ''A. propinquus'' in having randomly distributed trunk spines that are organised in circular rings of individual spines separated by aspinose zones. ''A. irregularis'' is also unique in having an anterior trunk collar, a very large triangular cephalic ganglion, nucleated pouches at the posterior end of the proboscis receptacle, and hooks and spines with roots bearing anterior manubria. It is the tenth species of the genus to be described.Amin, O. M., Oğuz, M. C., Heckmann, R. A., Tepe, Y., & Kvach, Y. (2011). Acanthocephaloides irregularis n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Arhythmacanthidae) from marine fishes off the Ukrainian Black Sea coast. Systematic parasitology, 80(2), 125. url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/38434620/Acanthoceph_irregularis_n._sp._Black_Sea.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAcanthocephaloides_irregularis_n._sp._Ac.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20191223%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20191223T201218Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=b0aa9c1cf8d27a58d2f7f5bcef971b2fbd5d2ef33ac9722ec6194c21f80154b9 *''Acanthocephaloides neobythitis'' (Yamaguti, 1939) Amin, 2013 Found off

. *''Acanthocephaloides nicoli'' (Kumar, 1992) Amin, 2013 *''Acanthocephaloides plagiusae'' Santana-Pineros, Cruz-Quintana, Centeno-Chale & Vidal-Martinez, 2013 *''Acanthocephaloides propinquus'' (Dujardin, 1845) ''A. propinquus'' was found parasitizing ''

Uranoscopus scaber The Atlantic stargazer (''Uranoscopus scaber'') is a marine, subtropical fish of family Uranoscopidae. Its body is suited for living on the sea floor, and is one of few fish capable of bioelectrogenesis, or the ability to generate an electric ch ...

'', ''

Gobius niger The black goby (''Gobius niger'') is a species of ray-finned fish found in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. It inhabits estuaries, lagoons, and inshore water over seagrass and algae. It feeds on a variety of invertebrates ...

'', ''

Gobius cobitis The giant goby (''Gobius cobitis'') is a species of goby native to coastal marine and brackish waters of the eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea at depths of from . This species is of minor importance to commercial fisherie ...

'', ''

Merluccius merluccius ''Merluccius merluccius'', the European hake, is a merluccid hake of the genus ''Merluccius''. Other vernacular names include Cornish salmon and herring hake. It is a predatory species which was often netted alongside one of its favoured prey, th ...

'', ''

Scorpaena scrofa ''Scorpaena scrofa'', the red scorpionfish, bigscale scorpionfish, large-scaled scorpion fish, or rascasse is a venomous marine species of ray-finned fish in the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean a ...

'', '' Eutrigla gurnardus'', and '' Solea vulgaris'' in the bay of

Gemlik Gemlik is a town and center of the Gemlik District of Bursa Province. It is located in the east of the Gulf of Gemlik. It is approximately away from Bursa. In antiquity, Gemlik was the location of the ancient Greek town of Cius. Gemlik is an in ...

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

.Oğuz, M. C., & Kvach, Y. (2006). Occurrence of acanthocephalans in teleost fishes of Gemlik Bay, Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Helminthologia, 43(2), 103-108. url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/helm.2006.43.issue-2/s11687-006-0020-2/s11687-006-0020-2.pdf It is also found in the

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...

and

. The body is between 2600 and 6237 µm long and between 140 and 280 µm wide. The eggs were between 30 and 64 µm long and 10 to 16 µm wide. *''Acanthocephaloides rhinoplagusiae'' (Yamaguti, 1935) Amin, 2013 Found off

. *''Acanthocephaloides spinicaudatus'' (Cable & Quick, 1954) Pichelin & Cribb, 1999 Found off

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...

. ''Bolborhynchoides'' Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1959 *''Bolborhynchoides exiguus'' (Achmerow & Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941) ''Breizacanthus'' Golvan, 1969 *''Breizacanthus aznari'' Hernández-Orts, Alama-Bermejo, Crespo, García, Raga & Montero, 2012 *''Breizacanthus chabaudi'' Golvan, 1969 *''Breizacanthus golvani'' Gaevskaja & Shukhgalter, 1984 *''Breizacanthus irenae'' Golvan, 1969 *''Breizacanthus ligur'' Paggi, Orecchia & Della Setta, 1975 ''Euzetacanthus'' Golvan and Houin, 1964 *''Euzetacanthus chorinemusi'' Gupta & Naqvi, 1984 *''Euzetacanthus golvani'' Gupta & Fatma, 1985 *''Euzetacanthus simplex'' (Rudolphi, 1810) ''Heterosentis'' Van Cleave, 1931 *''Heterosentis brasiliensis'' Vieira, Felizardo & Luque, 2009 *''Heterosentis fusiformis'' (Yamaguti, 1935) Tripathi, 1959 *''Heterosentis heteracanthus'' (Linstow, 1896) Van Cleave, 1931 ''H. heteracanthus'' was found parasitizing ''

Patagonotothen longipes ''Patagonotothen'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. They are native to the southeast Pacific Ocean, southern Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. Taxonomy ''Patagono ...

'', '' Patagonotothen tessellata'' and ''

Champsocephalus esox ''Champsocephalus esox'', the pike icefish or northern icefish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. Taxonomy ''Champsocephalus esox'' was first formally described in 1861 as '' ...

'' in the eastern mouth of the

Beagle Channel Beagle Channel (; Yahgan: ''Onašaga'') is a strait in the Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, on the extreme southern tip of South America between Chile and Argentina. The channel separates the larger main island of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego fr ...

.Laskowski, Z., & Zdzitowiecki, K. (2009). Occurrence of acanthocephalans in notothenioid fishes in the Beagle Channel (Magellanic sub-region, sub-Antarctic). Polish Polar Research, 30(2), 179-186.ulr=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zdzislaw_Laskowski/publication/264196052_Occurrence_of_acanthocephalans_in_notothenioid_fishes_in_the_Beagle_Channel_Magellanic_sub-region_sub-Antarctic/links/53d18b180cf2a7fbb2e8782c/Occurrence-of-acanthocephalans-in-notothenioid-fishes-in-the-Beagle-Channel-Magellanic-sub-region-sub-Antarctic.pdf *''Heterosentis hirsutus'' Pichelin & Cribb, 1999 *''Heterosentis holospinus'' Amin, Heckman & Ha, 2011 ''H. holospinus'' has been found parasitizing the Striped eel catfish (''Plotosus lineatus''), in

Halong Bay Halong may refer to: * Ha Long, also known as Hong Gai, the capital city of Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam * Halong Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Quảng Ninh province, Vietnam * Halong naval base, an Indonesian Navy (previously Dutch) ...

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

. * ''Heterosentis martini'' Lanfranchi & Timi, 2011 * ''Heterosentis mongcai'' Amin, Heckmann & Ha, 2014 * ''Heterosentis mysturi'' Wei, Huang, Chen and Jiang, 2002 * ''Heterosentis overstreeti'' (Schmidt & Paperna, 1978) Amin, 1985 * ''Heterosentis paraplagusiarum'' (Nickol, 1972) Amin, 1985 * ''Heterosentis plotosi'' (Yamaguti, 1935) Schmidt & Paperna, 1978 * ''Heterosentis septacanthus'' (Sita in Golvan, 1969) Amin, 1985 * ''Heterosentis thapari'' (Gupta & Fatma, 1979) Amin, 1985 * ''Heterosentis zdzitowieckii'' (Kumar, 1992) Pichelin & Cribb, 1999 ''Hypoechinorhynchus'' Yamaguti, 1939 * ''Hypoechinorhynchus alaeopis'' Yamaguti, 1939 * ''Hypoechinorhynchus golvani'' Gutpa & Kumar, 1987 * ''Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus'' Szidat, 1950 ''H. magellanicus'' was found parasitizing ''

'' in the eastern mouth of the

. * ''Hypoechinorhynchus robustus'' Pichelin, 1999 * ''Hypoechinorhynchus thermaceri'' Buron, 1988 *''Paracanthocephaloides'' Golvan, 1969 Worms in this genus have no trunk spines. * ''Paracanthocephaloides caballeroi'' (Gupta & Fatma, 1983) Bhattacharya, 2007 * ''Paracanthocephaloides chabanaudi'' (Dollfus, 1951) * ''Paracanthocephaloides incrassatus'' (Molin, 1858) Meyer, 1932 * ''Paracanthocephaloides tripathii'' Golvan, 1969 ''Solearhynchus'' de Buron and Maillard, 1985 The proboscis hooks gradually decrease in size posteriorly. * ''Solearhynchus kostylewi'' (Meyer, 1932) ''S. kostylewi'' was found parasitizing '' Solea vulgaris'' in the bay of

. The body was between 7404 and 7854 µm long and 739 and 1040 µm wide. The anterior part of the body was wider than the posterior. The proboscis was cylindrical and armed with 16 rows of hooks each with 5 or 6 hooks the longest hooks being in the middle of the proboscis. The smallest basal spinelike hooks were unrooted. The testes were located centrally in the body distant from the six cement glands. The eggs measured between 42 – 64µm long and between 12 and 20µm wide. * ''Solearhynchus soleae'' (Porta, 1905) ''S. soleae'' was found parasitizing '' Solea vulgaris'' in the bay of

. The body was from 5382 to 20328 µm long and 693 to 1200 µm wide. The proboscis was from 224 – 320 µm long and the proboscis sac was between 277 and 480 µm long. The

has 12 – 14 rows of hooks each comprising 5 or 6 hooks. The longest hooks were in the middle of the proboscis and the smallest basal hooks were unrooted and resembled spines. The lemnisci were longer than the proboscis sac, measuring between 312 and 350 µm and between 312 – 349 µm long. Males had two testes in the posterior part of the body distant from six piriform cement glands. The eggs measured between 56 and 68 µm long and between 12 and 20 µm wide. This species was also recorded in the

by Belofastova and Korniychuk (as the synonym ''Acanthocephaloides rhytidotes''). The species name ''soleae'' derives from the genus name of the host, the Adriatic sole (Originannly named ''Solea impar'', now named ''Pegusa impar''). ''Spiracanthus'' Muñoz and George-Nascimento, 2002 * ''Spiracanthus bovichthys'' Munoz & George-Nascimento, 2002

Hosts

''Arhythmacanthidae '' species parasitize fish. File:Pomadasys commersonnii, Breede river mouth.jpg, alt=Small-spotted grunter caught by the mouth, The Small-spotted grunter is a host of ''Acanthocephaloides claviformis''. File:Scartella cristata 25-09-07 DSCF1035.jpg, alt=Combtooth blenny swimming, The

is one of the hosts of ''Acanthocephaloides irregularis''. File:Mushroom goby in aquarium.jpg, alt=Mushroom goby swimming in an aquarium, The Mushroom goby is one of the hosts of ''Acanthocephaloides irregularis''. File:Proterorhinus marmoratus 2.jpg, alt=Tubenose goby swimming in a glass tank, The Tubenose goby is one of the hosts of ''Acanthocephaloides irregularis''. File:Syngnathus abaster body B.jpg, alt=Black-striped pipefish swimming, The

is one of the hosts of ''Acanthocephaloides irregularis''. File:Plotosidae - Plotosus lineatus.jpg, ''Heterosentis holospinus'' parasitizes the Striped eel catfish.

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2519383 Echinorhynchida Acanthocephala families