Archipolypoda
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Archipolypoda is an extinct group of
millipedes Millipedes are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments; they are known scientifically as the class Diplopoda, the name derived from this feature. Each double-legged segment is a resu ...
known from fossils in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
and containing the earliest known land animals. The Archipolypoda was erected by
Scudder Scudder, a surname, may refer to: People * Bernard Scudder, translator from Icelandic to English * Edward W. Scudder (1822-1893), Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court * Horace Scudder, American editor * Henry Scudder (clergyman) (d. 1659?), E ...
(1882) but redefined in 2005 with the description of several new species from
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
. Distinguishing characteristics include relatively large eyes with densely packed
ocelli A simple eye (sometimes called a pigment pit) refers to a form of eye or an optical arrangement composed of a single lens and without an elaborate retina such as occurs in most vertebrates. In this sense "simple eye" is distinct from a multi-l ...
(sometimes interpreted as
compound eyes A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans. It may consist of thousands of ommatidia, which are tiny independent photoreception units that consist of a cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells which distin ...
), and modified leg pairs on the 8th body ring. Some species had prominent spines while others had a flattened appearance.


Classification

The Archipolypoda as currently recognized consists of four orders, many with
monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
families and genera, as well as five species of uncertain placement (''
incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
'').
Archidesmida The Archidesmida is an extinct order (biology), order of millipedes known from fossils from the Devonian period of Europe and North America. Archidesmidans have broad flat keels (paranota) extending from their body segments, and a modified pair o ...
Wilson & Anderson, 2004 * Archidesmidae Scudder, 1885 **'' Archidesmus macnicoli'' Peach, 1882.
Lower Devonian The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from and began with the Lochkovian Stage , which was followed by the Pragian from and then by the Emsian, w ...
,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
* Zanclodesmidae Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005 **'' Zanclodesmus willetti'' Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005.
Upper Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, wher ...
,
Quebec, Canada Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen p ...
**'' Orsadesmus rubecollus'' Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005.
Upper Devonian The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, wher ...
, Pennsylvania, USA Cowiedesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004 * Cowiedesmidae Wilson & Anderson, 2004 **'' Cowiedesmus eroticopodus'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004. Mid
Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...
,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
. Euphoberiida Hoffman, 1969 * Euphoberiidae Scudder, 1882.
Upper Carboniferous Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those ...
of
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and North America. **'' Acantherpestes'' Meek & Worthen, 1868 **'' Euphoberia'' Meek & Worthen, 1868 **'' Myriacantherpestes'' Burke, 1979 Palaeosomatida Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005.
Carboniferous The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...
, UK and
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
* Palaeosomatidae Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005 **'' Palaeosoma''
Order ''incertae sedis'' *'' Albadesmus almondi'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid
Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
*'' Anaxeodesmus diambonotus'' Wilson, 2005
Upper Carboniferous Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those ...
, UK. *'' Anthracodesmus macconochiei'', Peach, 1899 *'' Palaeodesmus tuberculata'' (Brade-Birks, 1923) (='' Kampecaris tuberculata'')
Lower Devonian The Early Devonian is the first of three epochs comprising the Devonian period, corresponding to the Lower Devonian series. It lasted from and began with the Lochkovian Stage , which was followed by the Pragian from and then by the Emsian, w ...
,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
. *''
Pneumodesmus newmani ''Pneumodesmus newmani'' is a species of myriapod that lived in the Paleozoic. Its exact age is uncertain; it was originally interpreted as living , in the Late Silurian; however, subsequent research dates it to around 414 million years old, i ...
'' Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid
Silurian The Silurian ( ) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya. The Silurian is the shortest period of the Paleozo ...
,
Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...


See also

*
Arthropleuridea Arthropleuridea is an extinct subclass of myriapod arthropods that flourished during the Carboniferous period, having first arose during the Silurian, and perishing in the Early Permian. Members are characterized by possessing diplosegement (fuse ...
- Another group of extinct millipedes *
Euthycarcinoidea Euthycarcinoidea are an enigmatic group of extinct possibly amphibious arthropods that ranged from Cambrian to Triassic times. Fossils are known from Europe, North America, Argentina, Australia and Antarctica. Description The euthycarcinoid body ...
, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods * Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms


References


External links


Archipolypoda- The Virtual Fossil MuseumFossil find 'oldest land animal'- BBC News
{{Taxonbar, from=Q16243060 Millipede taxonomy Arthropod superorders Devonian myriapods Carboniferous myriapods Silurian myriapods Wenlock first appearances Pennsylvanian extinctions Fossil taxa described in 1882