![Archidamos III MAN Napoli Inv6156](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Archidamos_III_MAN_Napoli_Inv6156.jpg)
Archidamus III ( grc-gre,
Ἀρχίδαμος ) was the son of
Agesilaus II
Agesilaus II (; grc-gre, Ἀγησίλαος ; c. 442 – 358 BC) was king of Sparta from c. 399 to 358 BC. Generally considered the most important king in the history of Sparta, Agesilaus was the main actor during the period of Spartan hegemo ...
and
king
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king.
*In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
of
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referre ...
from 360 to 338 BC.
Biography
While still a prince, he was the
eispnelas (εἰσπνήλας, inspirer, or pederastic lover) of Cleonymus, son of
Sphodrias Sphodrias ( el, Σφοδρίας) (d. 371 BC) was a Spartan general during the Spartan Hegemony over Greece. As governor of Thespiai in 378 BC, he made an unsuccessful attack against Athens without any order from Sparta. He was put on trial for thi ...
. He interceded with his own father to spare his
aites's (ἀΐτας, lover) father's life in a legal matter, an action which further intensified friction between Athens and Sparta.
He later led the Spartan forces both before and during his rule. Archidamus headed the force sent to aid the Spartan army after its defeat by the
Thebans
Thebes (; ell, Θήβα, ''Thíva'' ; grc, Θῆβαι, ''Thêbai'' .) is a city in Boeotia, Central Greece. It played an important role in Greek myths, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus, Heracles and others. Archaeolo ...
at the
Battle of Leuctra
The Battle of Leuctra ( grc-gre, Λεῦκτρα, ) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by the Thebans, and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post- Corinthian War conflict. The battle took place in the vici ...
in 371 BC and was commander later during the fighting in the
Peloponnese. Four years later he captured
Caryae
Caryae or Karyai ( grc, Κάρυαι) was a town of ancient Laconia upon the frontiers of Arcadia. It was originally an Arcadian town belonging to Tegea, but was conquered by the Spartans and annexed to their territory. Caryae revolted from Sparta ...
, ravaged the territory of the
Parrhasii and defeated the
Arcadians,
Argives
Argos (; el, Άργος ; grc, label=Ancient and Katharevousa, Ἄργος ) is a city in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, and the oldest in Europe. It is the largest city in A ...
and
Messenians
Messenia or Messinia ( el, Μεσσηνία) was an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese, more or less overlapping the modern Messenia region of Greece. To the north it had a border with Elis along the Neda river. From there the borde ...
in the "tearless battle", so called because the victory did not cost the Spartans a single life. However, he was in turn defeated by the Arcadians in 364 BC at
Cromnus.
In 362 BC, he showed great courage in the defense of Sparta against the Theban commander
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (; grc-gre, Ἐπαμεινώνδας; 419/411–362 BC) was a Greek general of Thebes and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a pre-eminent posit ...
. As king, Archidamus supported the
Phocians against
Thebes in the
Sacred War of 355–346. In 346 BC he went to Crete to help Lyttos in their struggle against Knossos in the
Foreign War
The Foreign War ( grc-gre, Ξενικὸς Πόλεμος, ''Xenikos Polemos'') was fought between the forces of Knossos with the help of mercenaries under the ousted Phocian leader Phalaikos and the forces of Lyttos who received help from the S ...
. In 343 BC, the Spartan colony
Tarentum Tarentum may refer to:
* Taranto, Apulia, Italy, on the site of the ancient Roman city of Tarentum (formerly the Greek colony of Taras)
**See also History of Taranto
* Tarentum (Campus Martius), also Terentum, an area in or on the edge of the Camp ...
asked for Sparta's help in the war against the Italic populations, notably the
Lucanians and the
Messapians
The Messapians ( grc, Μεσσάπιοι, Messápioi; la, Messapii) were a Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia respective ...
. In 342 BC, Archidamus arrived in
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
with a fleet and a mercenary army and fought against the barbarians, but in 338 BC he was defeated and killed under the walls of the Messapian city of
Manduria
Manduria is a city and '' comune'' of Apulia, Italy, in the province of Taranto. With c. 32,000 inhabitants (2013), it is located east of Taranto.
History
It was an important stronghold of the Messapii against Taras. Archidamus III, king ...
. He was succeeded by his son
Agis III, and was also the father of
Eudamidas I
Eudamidas I (Greek: Εὐδαμίδας) was Spartan king between 331 and c. 300 BC. He succeeded his brother Agis III, who died at the battle of Megalopolis against Macedonia. Eudamidas' reign was therefore peaceful as Sparta recovered from this ...
and another son named Agesilaus.
References
4th-century BC Spartans
Ancient Greek generals
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Pederasty in ancient Greece
Ancient LGBT people
Eurypontid kings of Sparta
Year of birth unknown
338 BC deaths
4th-century BC rulers
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