The Arcaheological site of Quinta dos Patudos ( pt, Estação arquelógica da Quinta dos Patudos) is an
archaeological site
An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology an ...
in the
civil parish
In England, a civil parish is a type of administrative parish used for local government. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority ...
of
Alpiarça
Alpiarça () is a municipality in Santarém District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,702, in an area of 95.36 km2.
The present Mayor is Mário Fernando Pereira and the President of the Municipal Assembly is Mario Santiago. The munic ...
, in the
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
of
the same name in the
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
district of
Santarém (part of the former historical province of
Ribatejo
The Ribatejo () is the most central of the traditional provinces of Portugal, with no coastline or border with Spain. The region is crossed by the Tagus river (''Ribatejo'' translates to "upper Tagus", or more precisely, "up the Tagus" relative ...
). Sometimes referred to as the "castle" of Alpiarça, it is part of an archeological station within the Quinta dos Patudos, that includes the Castle of Alpiarça, Cabeço da Bruxinha, Necropolis of Tanchoal and the Necropolis of Meijão.
History
It is likely that the construction of the original settlement began between the 5th and 4th century B.C., resulting from a
castro
Castro is a Romance language word that originally derived from Latin ''castrum'', a pre-Roman military camp or fortification (cf: Greek: ''kastron''; Proto-Celtic:''*Kassrik;'' br, kaer, *kastro). The English-language equivalent is '' chester''.
...
, or fortified settlement.
[ The sites proximity to other necropoli suggest that it was important to the Celts, who left vestiges of their ritual cremation in other sites. Sometime around the 4th century B.C. this castro culture disappeared, likely pressured by distinct influences in the region: the opening of communication/transport lines from the littoral to interior; pressures from Mediterranean cultures (in particular the Romans); and/or the cultural evolution of the Celtic peoples, from Meseta.
The zone continued to be used during the Roman occupation; a few of the Tanchoal urns date from this period.][ Alpiarça is important for the notable necropoli, protohistoric and Roman settlements; the presence of various Roman milestones consecrated to Emperor Trajan (Caesra Nerva Traianus Augustus), from 53-117 B.C. suggest a vital link to Mérida (Augusta Emerita).]
The site had been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century, but no surveys were undertaken, this due to the institutionalization of Portuguese anthropology.[ In comparison to the Spanish, English or Germans, Portuguese archeologists were not active in exhuming the archaeological record, and except for some, such as the anthropologist, archaeologist and professor, António Augusto Esteves Mendes Corrêa (University of Porto) rarely ventured into the field.][
Systematic archaeological excavations, therefore, only began on the site in 1973, under the direction of Gustavo Marques and Gil Miguéis de Andrade, with many of the objects discovered transferred to the Museum of Casa dos Patudos.][ The German Archaeological Institute carried out further investigations in 1979 in the area of Cabeço da Bruxa and Alto do Castelo, under the direction of Philine Kalb and Martin Hoeck. Material discovered during this investigation (primarily several urns) were also left in the possession of the museum authorities.][
]
Architecture
The site is situated on a plateau, situated between agricultural lands south of the village of Alpiarça, crossing the national motorway.[ To the east of the castle is a plateau some above sea level that dominates the region, flanked in the north by the necropole of Tanchoal and south by the necropole of Meijão, both delimited by the ''Ribeira do Forno'' and ''Ribeira da Atela'', respectively.][ To the west of the national motorway is the Cabeço da Bruxinha, a hilltop separated by a depression, some from the castle of Alpiarça.][
The castle of Alpiarça corresponds to large castro, approximately , encircled by a large wall of stone and sand, covered by vegetation, with zones of discontinuity to the southeast, that may refer to the former entryways to the site.][ The most elevated point is an open area, situated at different levels, that could be representative of other walled enclosures, long since disappeared, that formed an acropolis.][ The Cabeço da Bruxinha, situated on the opposite hilltop, seems to be artificially distanced from the plateau where the castle is situated.][ On the north and south flanks are two necropoli.][
The first significant discovery was recounted by Mendes Correia at the Necropolis of Tanchoal: an incinerated funerary deposit, consisting of 17 urns full of ash and coal, buried to a depth of .][ Around the site the archeologists discovered an axe and bronze bracelet (biberons), a caliciforme vase and a decorated bowl.][Correia (1935)] Cleaning of the ceramic artefacts revealed ornate designs, that would later be referred to as ''"cerâmica de engobe brunido do tipo Alpiarça"'' (''Alpiarça-type glazed ceramics'') by archeologists.[ Many of the artefacts discovered at the site were placed on display at the Museum of Casa dos Patudos and the Anthropological Museum of the University of Porto.][
]
References
Notes
Sources
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* {{citation , last=Kalb , first=Philine , last2=Hoeck , first2=Martin , title=Cerâmica de Alpiarça - Exposição Temporária na Galeira dos Patudos, Catálogo da exposição , location=Alpiarça, Portugal , year=1985
Archaeological sites in Santarém District