Arbeiter-Schutzbund

The ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' ('Workers Defense Union') was an anti-fascist paramilitary organization in the Free City of Danzig in the early 1930s, being the paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig. The organization had some 4,500 members.

Foundation

A branch of the ''Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold'' had been formed in Danzig in 1924, but it had not been particularly active. Around the time of the 1930 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election, the Social Democratic Party decided to form a new paramilitary force on the basis of the old ''Reichsbanner'' unit, to defend themselves from attacks from the National Socialist movement.

The new ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' was formally announced on March 15, 1931, with a march through the city and a meeting held at the . Some 2,000 persons took part in the inaugural rally, where young Social Democrats marched in uniform. The meeting was presided over by Volkstag deputy .

Organization

The ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' was built along the lines of the ''Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold''. Its leaders were the teacher Günter Klingenberg and the workers' sport organizer Willi Godau. The ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' organized physical defense of social democratic election meetings and rallies. The organization pledged to defend the status quo of the Free City. Occasionally the organization attended events outside of the Free City. In 1932 over 1,500 ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' members attended a ''Reichsbanner'' meeting in Stuhm ( West Prussia).

Struggle over the Free City

As an organization and by numbers, the ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' was weaker than its National Socialist counterparts (the ''Sturmabteilung'' and the '' Schutzstaffel''). It functioned mainly as a defensive organization, and was unable to contain the wave of violence from the National Socialists, although their attacks were often repelled. There were constant harassment and provocations against the Social Democrats. Clashes usually took place between smaller groups of militants, but there were also organized attacks on party offices, bookstores and individuals from either side, and sometimes firearms were used. From mid-January to late April 1931 some 80 violent political clashes involving the National Socialists were registered in Danzig, with some 120 people wounded and four killed. Bystanders and police officers were often wounded as well. Confrontations would eventually spread outside Danzig proper to places such as Tiegenhof, Käsemark, Stuhm, Praust, Ober Kahlbude and Meisterswalde.

Bloody Sunday

Fights would usually take place on Sundays. The most emblematic events took place on April 10, 1931 (at the ''Zur Ostbahn'' premises in ) and on June 21, 1931 in Rechtstadt. The June 21 clashes were dubbed as 'Bloody Sunday'. The ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' organized a sporting event, which included a relay race from Oliwa to the stadium in . They formed a protective line along the route to defend the race against attacks and provocations. Still, the event was attacked by the National Socialists, including cadres that had come from East Prussia. There were reports of 16 severe injured and 25 light injuries.

Ober Kahlbude attack

On November 15, an SA unit attacked a Social Democratic meeting in the village of Ober Kahlbude. However the attackers were intercepted by a larger contingent of ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' militants from Orunia, and Horst Hoffmann, 16-year-old SA member, was killed in the clash. Following this, Hoffmann was declared a martyr by the National Socialist movement. Following his death, the Senate of the Free City of Danzig declared the ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' banned in December 1931.

Iron Front

When the Iron Front paramilitary organization to fight against National Socialism was announced on December 16, 1931, the Danzig Social Democrats delayed its implementation in the Free City. Whilst the Reichsbanner Council had called on the Iron Front to be functional across the Weimar Republic by February 21, 1932, it only took shape in the Free City by September 10, 1932.

Symbols

The flag of the ''Arbeiter-Schutzbund'' was a red banner with a blue canton which had a jagged "S" symbol. The uniform worn by its members consisted of a windbreaker jacket with belt and a blue peaked cap.

See also

*'' Republikanischer Schutzbund''
* Socialist Action (Poland)

References

{{reflist
1931 establishments in the Free City of Danzig
Military wings of socialist parties
Anti-fascist organizations
Organisations based in Gdańsk