350px, Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by APUD cells
APUD cells (DNES cells) constitute a group of apparently unrelated
endocrine cell
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neur ...
s, which were named by the
scientist
A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of the natural sciences.
In classical antiquity, there was no real ancient analog of a modern scientist. Instead, philosophers engaged in the philosophica ...
A.G.E. Pearse, who developed the APUD concept in the early 1960s. These cells share the common function of secreting a low molecular weight
polypeptide hormone. There are several different types which secrete the hormones
secretin
Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver. It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duoden ...
,
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek ''chole'', "bile"; ''cysto'', "sac"; ''kinin'', "move"; hence, ''move the bile-sac (gallbladder)'') is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat an ...
and several others. The name is derived from an
acronym
An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in '' NATO'' (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''), but sometimes use syllables, a ...
, referring to the following:
[ ]
* Amine Precursor Uptake – for high uptake of amine precursors including 5-hydroxytryptophan (
5-HTP
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Uses
5-HTP is sold over the counter i ...
) and dihydroxyphenylalanine (
DOPA).
* Decarboxylase – for high content of the
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecule ...
amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme (), located in region 7p12.2-p12.1.
Mechanism
The enzyme uses pyri ...
(for conversion of precursors to amines).
Cells in APUD system
# ''Adenohypophysis''
# Neurons of ''Hypothalamus''
# C-cells of ''Thyroid''
# Chief Cells of ''Parathyroid''
# ''Adrenal Medullary'' Cells
# Glomus cells in ''Carotid Body''
# Melanocytes of ''Skin''
# Cells of ''Pineal Gland''
# Renin producing cells in ''Kidney''
See also
*
Apudoma
In pathology, an apudoma is an endocrine tumour that arises from an APUD cell from structures such as the ampulla of Vater. They were historically thought to be derived from neural crest cells, but this has since been shown to be untrue (see n ...
*
Enteroendocrine cell
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic ...
*
Neuroendocrine cell
Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules ( hormones) into the blood. In this way they br ...
*
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
This is a list of cells in humans derived from the three embryonic germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Cells derived from ectoderm
Surface ectoderm Skin
* Trichocyte
* Keratinocyte
Anterior pituitary
* Gonadotrope
* Corticot ...
References
External links
*
Endocrine cells
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