Appin is a town on the south-west fringe of

Sydney Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...

in the Macarthur Region in Tharawal country near its boundary with

Gandangara The Gandangara people, also spelled Gundungara, Gandangarra, Gundungurra and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Their traditional lands include present day Goulburn, Wollondilly Sh ...

country,

New South Wales New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a States and territories of Australia, state on the Eastern states of Australia, east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria (state), Victoria to the south, and South ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

Wollondilly Shire Wollondilly Shire is a Peri-urbanisation, periurban Local government in Australia, local government area that is located on the far southwest fringe of the Sydney, Greater Sydney area in New South Wales, Australia. The local government area is pa ...

. It is situated about south of Campbelltown and northwest of

Wollongong Wollongong ( ; Dharawal: ''Woolyungah'') is a city located in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The name is believed to originate from the Dharawal language, meaning either 'five islands/clouds', 'ground near water' or 'sound ...

History

Early history

Appin is in the lands of the

Dharawal The Tharawal people and other variants, are an Aboriginal Australian people, identified by the Yuin language. Traditionally, they lived as hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups or clans with ties of kinship, scattered along the coasta ...

people.

"During the Dreaming a great fire swept through the land. Wiritjiribin led the people to sanctuary in a cool green gully which had been missed by the fire, under the rocky cliffs of a gorge south of Appin. Those who had perished in the fire were reincarnated as animals and Wiritjiribin appeared as a lyrebird, which became the clan's totem, a symbol of peace and caretaker of the Land of Gawaigl, an area which became a meeting place for Peoples from all over the east coast of Australia"

European settlement in the Appin district was prohibited for some years; Appin was part of the 'Cowpastures' where a small herd of cattle had established themselves, having escaped from the Sydney Cove settlement. To protect these and help feed the colony,

Governor Macquarie Major General Lachlan Macquarie, CB (; ; 31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland. Macquarie served as the fifth Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821, and had a leading role ...

ordered 'No person to hunt or travel into the Cowpastures without licence under penalty of death'. Naturalist George Caley had visited the area in 1807 exploring 'from Prospect to the upper waters of George's River and the Cataract and Cordeaux Rivers' and reporting his findings. Settlement began in 1811 with a land grant by Governor Macquarie to William Broughton, who had arrived with the First Fleet.Deputy Commissary General W. Broughton: in tribute to the Governor, Broughton named his grant Lachlan Vale; it is now known as Northhamptondale. For the next five years, smaller grants of 40 to were made to a score or so of others, former soldiers and emancipated convicts. Governor Macquarie was pleased to give 'The District of Appin' its name, after Appin, in the Scottish West Highlands where his wife, Elizabeth, was born. Mrs. Allan McPherson, visiting ''circa'' 1856, wrote:

"The next morning was fine and bright, and with somewhat better spirits we set out again, but the roads were heavy, and our progress consequently not very rapid, so that it was one or two o'clock before we reached "Appin," a small village, the last resting place on the Sydney side of Mount Keera. As it was too late to attempt crossing the mountain--at all times a formidable undertaking--that evening, we were obliged to make up our minds to stay here. We were not by this time very difficult to please in the way of accommodation, but it seemed doubtful if we should meet with any in this out-of-the-way little place. At last the landlord of a little inn took compassion on us, and let us in, though giving us to understand it was quite as a favour, for he was giving up his business that week, and his house was in a great state of confusion. I afterwards learnt we owed the accommodation, such as it was, to the compassion of the landlord's wife, who chose to weave a little romance about us to the effect that we were a newly married couple, and who was not a little disappointed when I informed her I had been married several years, and had three children! I must be excused if my recollections of Appin are not very favourable, for at this half-dismantled little inn we were detained three days by incessant torrents of rain, such as I had hardly ever witnessed before, even in the colony. What to do with ourselves we really hardly knew. We had neither writing nor drawing materials, nor were they procurable…"

The Appin Massacre

In March 1816, a punitive expedition of a group of settlers was surprised and ambushed at Silverdale by a group of Aboriginal people armed with

musket A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually dis ...

s and spears that killed four settlers. Governor

Lachlan Macquarie Major-general (United Kingdom), Major General Lachlan Macquarie, Companion of the Order of the Bath, CB (; ; 31 January 1762 – 1 July 1824) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Scotland. Macquarie served as the fifth Gove ...

ordered an armed reprisal. In the early morning of 17 April, Wallis led a surprise attack on this camp, which resulted in the deaths of at least fourteen Aboriginal people.

Appin mine disaster

Occurred approximately 600 metres underground at the Appin coal mine on the night of 24 July 1979, killing 14 people. An explosion that was caused by sparks from a fan control box which ignited a buildup of flammable and poisonous methane gas ripped apart the busiest pit. A subsequent judicial inquiry led to the imposition of stricter safety rules for all mines. It was recommended that automatic devices be installed in mines to give continuous reading of gases, that a special officer supervise ventilation, and that the number of mine inspectors be increased.

Heritage listings

Appin has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: * Cataract Road,

Cataract A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens (anatomy), lens of the eye that leads to a visual impairment, decrease in vision of the eye. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colours, blurry or ...

: Cataract Dam * Wilton Road: Windmill Hill, Appin

Notable citizens

Among Appin's free settlers was one Andrew Hamilton Hume, father of the explorer

Hamilton Hume Hamilton Hume (19 June 1797 – 19 April 1873) was an early explorer of the present-day Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria (Australia), Victoria. In 1824, along with William Hovell, Hume participated in an expedition that first t ...

. Hamilton Hume and his brother John were tireless investigators of the local countryside, often journeying in the company of Duall, a Dharawal man. Hamilton Hume became an expert bushman, and was well-prepared for major exploration when he set out in 1824 from 'Humewood', in the company of William Hovell, to explore the land between the Sydney settlements and

Port Phillip Port Phillip (Kulin languages, Kulin: ''Narm-Narm'') or Port Phillip Bay is a horsehead-shaped bay#Types, enclosed bay on the central coast of southern Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. The bay opens into the Bass Strait via a short, ...

, at the request of Governor Brisbane. A stone monument to this event stands on Campbelltown Road, erected by the Royal Australian Historical Society in 1924. Stone was obtained from the ruins of Hamilton Hume's house. Appin is the birthplace of John Fuller, better known as the bushranger Dan 'Mad Dog' Morgan. Rachel Henning spent several months at Elladale Cottage in Appin. Of the area, she wrote the following.

I am glad iddulphis going to leave Appin, however, for I am sure he will never make any money on this farm. Do you remember our saying that there must certainly be something the matter with it, when he wrote word of how low the rent was, that there must be a want of water or that nothing would grow? There are both these drawbacks here. The soil is wretchedly poor, and this is said to be the very driest part of Australia. Frequently, when there have been torrents of rain at Wollongong and Sydney, on each side of us, we have not had a drop here. There are no springs on the farm, only a waterhole, and that was dry for nearly six weeks in the summer, and then we had to fetch water from the river three miles off. It is a pity Biddulph ever took this farm; still, he has gained some experience here, and, as his expenditure was chiefly in cattle and furniture, he has not lost much.

Agriculture and industry

Appin was for decades a major wheat-growing, and dairy-farming area, but wheat rust, and new railways reaching other primary producing areas of the State, reduced its importance. From 1869, however, the district became the major supplier of Sydney's water, when construction commenced on the Upper Nepean Scheme: four major dams and an associated of canals and tunnels supplying Prospect Reservoir. The Appin Colliery, exploiting the Bulli Seam by

longwall mining Longwall mining is a form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice (typically thick). The section of rock that is being mined, known as the longwall panel, is typically long, but can be up to long and wi ...

opened in 1962. The West Cliff Colliery opened in 1976.

Infrastructure

A town plan was completed in 1834. Several of the proposed street names are in use today, including Toggerai, the Dharawal name for the Upper reaches of the Georges River. A track from Campbelltown was in use from 1815; as settlement advanced along coastal Illawarra, routes to Sydney found their way up the

escarpment An escarpment is a steep slope or long cliff that forms as a result of faulting or erosion and separates two relatively level areas having different elevations. Due to the similarity, the term '' scarp'' may mistakenly be incorrectly used inte ...

, and through Appin; the resulting traffic increased the town's prosperity. Appin had a permanent Post Office by 1841, and a telephone line was connected to it in 1888. Appin had to wait until 1945 for an electricity supply. Despite its proximity to several large dams, Appin did not receive a reticulated water supply until 1961. As of 2010, a town sewerage scheme is in its planning stages. Several examples of early sandstone buildings remain in Appin's commercial centre on Appin Road. These include the former Courthouse and Gaol (1860s), the derelict Appin Inn (1826), a stone cottage used as offices, built ''circa'' 1840, the Headmaster's residence at the primary school, and St. Bede's Roman Catholic Church, 1834–7. Other buildings of heritage value include the disused motor garage at Darcy's Corner (1955), the Appin Hotel (1840), and St Mark The Evangelist Church (1843)

The town today

At the , Appin had a population of 3,213. * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5.2% of the population. * 86.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 3.0%. * 90.3% of people only spoke English at home. * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 38.1%, Catholic 29.3% and Anglican 18.1%.

Community facilities

The Wollondilly Mobile Library visits the township weekly. Appin has a Playgroup; a Mobile PreSchool; a Community Hall, two sportsgrounds, and an off-leash area for companion animals near Wonson Oval. The Appin Volunteer Bush Fire Brigade (now known as the Appin Rural Fire Service) was formed in 1944; Joe D'Arcy was its first Captain. The current Fire Shed was opened in 2002.

In the surrounding area

The

16th World Scout Jamboree The 16th World Scout Jamboree was held from 30 December 1987 to 7 January 1988, the first World Scout Jamboree held in the Southern Hemisphere, and the first to change the date from the traditional August to January to coincide with summer. Th ...

was held at the nearby Cataract Scout Camp, the first such Jamboree held in the Southern Hemisphere. Numerous

Australian Scout Jamboree The Australian Scout Jamboree is a national jamboree (Scouting), jamboree overseen by Scouts Australia. They have been held regularly since 1934, except for 1942 and 1945 due to World War II, and in 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia ...

s have also been held at Cataract Scout Camp. The Dharawal State Recreation Area and Nature Reserve is located to the east. Appin is part of the Upper Georges River Catchment. The Bureau of Meteorology operates a Weather Watch radar station at Bulli, known as the "Sydney (Appin) radar" . Its coverage extends to Newcastle, Bathurst, Lake George and Ulladulla.

Industries and employment

The coal mines continue to be a major employer. Inghams Enterprises operate several factory farms. An industrial area has been established to the south of Appin. Here also is the Macarthur Water Treatment Plant. Completed in 1995, which supplies the Camden, Campbelltown and Wollondilly areas.

Education

Appin Public School was opened in 1867. Before this, Catholic and Anglican Denominational Schools had been conducted in the district, but both had closed by 1870. Secondary school students today attend high schools in Campbelltown and other areas. Tertiary education is available from institutions in adjacent towns: the Western Sydney University at Campbelltown, the

University of Wollongong The University of Wollongong (UOW) is an Australian public university, public research university located in the coastal city of Wollongong, New South Wales, approximately south of Sydney. , the university had an enrolment of more than 33,000 s ...

and Campbelltown TAFE

Sport

*North of town lies the Appin Greyhound Track and the Appin Motocross Circuit. *Tennis courts and a sportsground are located within the township (Wonson Oval). *Appin is home to the Appin Dogs Rugby League Football Teams (producing former

Australian Australian(s) may refer to: Australia * Australia, a country * Australians, citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia ** European Australians ** Anglo-Celtic Australians, Australians descended principally from British colonists ** Aboriginal Aus ...

test and NSW Origin three-quarter

Michael De Vere Michael De Vere (born 11 December 1976) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He represented Australia in four tests and New South Wales in five State of Origin matches. A goal-kicking o ...

): a women's rugby team was established in 2010.Appin Touch Association
/ref> *Appin Touch Association run mixed and junior touch football competitions in the summer season for the locals of Appin and surrounding areas. *The Appin Touch representative team compete in the NSW Touch Vawdon Cup and State Cup on a yearly basis, with the Mixed team winning gold in the 2018 State Cup and the Men's team winning in the 2019 Vawdon Cup. *Appin United Soccer Club have their home ground at the Gordon Lewis Oval. *Appin also have their own Netball team: Appin Netball Club.

Gallery

File: Former Appin Post Office.jpg, File: Appin Public School NSW.jpg, File: Appin Inn NSW.jpg, File: Appin, NSW, stone shop.jpg, File: Appin Rectory NSW Australia.jpg, File: Appin St Bedes Church.jpg, File: Appin St Marks Church NSW.jpg, File: Darcys Corner Appin NSW.jpg, File: Broughton Pass Weir.jpg, File: Appin Canal NSW.jpg, File: Appin Hotel NSW.jpg, File: Appin Fire Shed NSW.jpg, File: Appin NSW Colliery Entrance.jpg, File: Appin Methane Power Plant.jpg, File: Appin Ingham Broilers NSW.jpg, File: Appin Industry NSW.jpg,

Notes and references

;Notes ;References

Bibliography and further reading

* ''Appin Public School centenary. '' 1968. Appin Public School Centenary Committee. * Butler, B. N. 1988. ''St Mark the Evangelist Anglican Church, Appin : 150 years of ministry, 1838-1988''. * Fowler, L.R. (ed.) 1989. ''A History of the forbidden land'' Wollondilly Shire. * Hume, Emma. ''Diaries''. Emma Hume of 'Beulah', Appin Road, Appin, NSW. 1893–1917.
The Letters of Rachel Henning, 29 March 1855
* Holmes, Marie. 1997. ''St Bede's Church, Appin'' Campbelltown & Airds Historical Society. * McGill, Ruth. 1994. ''The Appin massacre'' by Ruth McGill. Campbelltown, N.S.W. * Percival, Syd. 1992. ''Chronicles of Appin, NSW'' / by Syd Percival. Campbelltown and Airds Historical Society. * Proudfoot, Helen. 1977. ''Colonial buildings : Macarthur Growth Centre, Campbelltown, Camden, Appin'' Macarthur Development Board. * Whitaker, Anne-Maree. 2005. ''Appin: the story of a Macquarie town.'' Kingsclear Books, Sydney.
Selections from ''Appin: the story of a Macquarie town'' are available from Google Books