An apostolic prefect or prefect apostolic is a priest who heads what is known as an apostolic prefecture, a 'pre-diocesan' missionary jurisdiction where the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
is not yet sufficiently developed to have it made a
diocese
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associa ...
. Although it usually has an (embryonal) see, it is often not called after such city but rather after a natural or administrative (in many cases colonial) geographical area.
If a prefecture grows and flourishes, it may be elevated to an
apostolic vicariate, headed by a
titular bishop
A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese.
By definition, a bishop is an "overseer" of a community of the faithful, so when a priest is ordained a bishop, the tradition of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox ...
, in the hope that with time the region will generate enough Catholics and stability for its Catholic institutions, to warrant being established as a diocese. Both these stages remain missionary, hence
exempt, i.e. directly subject to the
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...
(notably the
Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples), normally not part of an
ecclesiastical province
An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian Churches with traditional hierarchical structure, including Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. In general, an ecclesiastical province consists of seve ...
.
The full sequence of development is: independent mission, apostolic prefecture, apostolic vicariate, apostolic diocese; however steps may be skipped at the papal discretion, so the next steps may be bishopric or even archbishopric.
The apostolic prefecture and the apostolic vicariate are to be distinguished from the
territorial abbacy
A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Ca ...
(formerly called an "
abbey nullius").
History
During the last centuries of the second millennium it was the practice of the Holy See to govern either through prefects apostolic or
apostolic vicariates, many territories where no dioceses with resident bishops were erected and where local circumstances, such as the character and customs of the people or hostility of civil powers, made it doubtful whether an episcopal see could be permanently established. The establishing of a prefecture apostolic in a place supposes that the Church has attained only a small development in the area. Fuller growth leads to the foundation of an apostolic vicariate as an intermediate stage to becoming a diocese.
A prefect apostolic is of lower rank than a vicar apostolic. The prefect's powers are more limited and do not normally possess the episcopal character, as is ordinarily the case with a vicar apostolic. The duties of a prefect apostolic consist in directing the work of the mission entrusted to his care; his powers are in general those necessarily connected with the ordinary administration of such an office, for instance: the assigning of missionaries and the making of regulations for the good management of the affairs of the mission. Until the
Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the , or , was the 21st ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. The council met in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome for four periods (or sessions), each lasting between 8 and ...
, the prefect apostolic had extraordinary faculties for several cases reserved otherwise to diocesan bishops, such as absolutions from censures, dispensations from matrimonial impediments and the faculty of consecrating chalices, patens, and portable altars, with some having the power to administer Confirmation.
Prefects apostolic govern independent territories and are subject only to the
pope
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
. When a vicariate or a diocese extended over a very large territory in which the Catholic population was unequally distributed, the Holy See sometimes placed a portion of the territory in charge of a prefect apostolic; in which case the faculties of the prefect were more limited, and in the exercise of his office he was supervised by the vicar apostolic or the diocesan bishop. With a view to better protecting the authority of the local vicar apostolic or bishop, it was proposed in the
First Vatican Council to abolish prefects apostolic having jurisdiction over districts within a vicariate or diocese of the Latin Rite, but the Council was interrupted and the practice continued until
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
abolished them within the Oriental Churches by a decree of
Propaganda Fide
Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...
on 12 September 1896, and established superiors with special dependence on the papal representatives of the areas concerned.
In 1911 there were 66 prefectures apostolic: 5 in Europe; 17 in Asia; 3 in North America (e.g., the Yukon); 11 in South America; 23 in Africa and 7 in Oceania.
At the end of 2010, the prefectures apostolic were only 39, of which the vast majority (29) were in PR
China (many vacant), where development of the Catholic Church, including that of the prefectures, had long been hindered by actions of the government. The 10 other prefectures included a newly created one for Azerbaijan, 4 more in Asia, 3 in Africa, 1 in the Americas and 1 in Oceania.
[''Annuario Pontificio 2012'', pp. 1061-1065]
Current apostolic prefectures
In China
*
Ankang 安康 (Hinganfu) /
Ankang
Ankang () is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shaanxi Province in the People's Republic of China, bordering Hubei province to the east, Chongqing municipality to the south, and Sichuan province to the southwest.
History
The sett ...
*
Baojing 保靖 / Paoking
*
Guilin 桂林 / Kweilin
*
Hainan 海南 / Hainan
*
Haizhou 海州 / Haichow
*
Jiamusi 佳木斯 / Kiamusze
*
Jian′ou 建甌 / Kienow
*
Lingling 零岭 / Yongzhou 永州 / Yungchow
*
Linqing 臨清 / Lintsing
*
Lintong 臨潼 / Lintung
*
Lixian 澧縣 / Lizhou 澧州 / Lichow
*
Qiqihar 齊齊哈爾 / Tsitsibar
*
Shaowu 邵武 /
*
Shashi 沙市 / Shasi
*
Shiqian 石阡 / Shihtsien
*
Suixian 隨縣 / Suihsien
*
Tongzhou 同州 / Tungchow
*
Tunxi 屯溪 / Tunki
*
Weihai(wei) 威海衛 / Weihaiwei
*
Xiangtan 湘潭 / Siangtan
*
Xining 西寧 / Sining
*
Xinjiang 新絳 / Jiangzhou 絳州 / Kiangchow
*
Xinjiang-Urumqi 新疆-烏魯木齊 / Sinkiang
*
Xinxiang 新鄉 / Sinsiang
*
Yangzhou 揚州 / Yangchow
*
Yiduxian 益都縣 / Iduhsien
*
Yixian 易縣 / Yihsien
*
Yueyang 岳陽 / Yuezhou 岳州 / Yochow
*
Zhaotong 昭通 / Chaotung
Elsewhere in Eurasia
*
Battambang
Battambang ( km, បាត់ដំបង, UNGEGN: ) is the capital of Battambang Province and the third largest city in Cambodia.
Founded in the 11th century by the Khmer Empire, Battambang is the leading rice-producing province of the coun ...
() in Cambodia
*
Kampong Cham () in Cambodia
*
Ulaanbaatar
Ulaanbaatar (; mn, Улаанбаатар, , "Red Hero"), previously anglicized as Ulan Bator, is the capital and most populous city of Mongolia. It is the coldest capital city in the world, on average. The municipality is located in north ce ...
in Outer Mongolia
*
Yuzhno Sakhalinsk in Asian Russia and Japan
*
Baku, in and covering
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
(raised to the level of prefecture on 4 August 2011; had been Mission sui iuris of Baku from 11 October 2006)
Americas
*
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; es, Islas Malvinas, link=no ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about from Cape Dubouze ...
(U.K.), including South Georgia
Oceania
*
Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands ( mh, Ṃajeḷ), officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( mh, Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ),'' () is an independent island country and microstate near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the Intern ...
, not exempt but in the
ecclesiastical province
An ecclesiastical province is one of the basic forms of jurisdiction in Christian Churches with traditional hierarchical structure, including Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. In general, an ecclesiastical province consists of seve ...
of
Agana.
Africa
*
Misurata, in Libya
*
Robe
A robe is a loose-fitting outer garment. Unlike garments described as capes or cloaks, robes usually have sleeves. The English word ''robe'' derives from Middle English ''robe'' ("garment"), borrowed from Old French ''robe'' ("booty, spoil ...
, in Ethiopia
*
Western Sahara
Western Sahara ( '; ; ) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), while the ...
Former apostolic prefectures
:''(very incomplete)
Most former apostolic prefectures were promoted to
apostolic vicariate or
territorial prelature
A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal.
In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or an ...
(under a
titular bishop
A titular bishop in various churches is a bishop who is not in charge of a diocese.
By definition, a bishop is an "overseer" of a community of the faithful, so when a priest is ordained a bishop, the tradition of the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox ...
) or (mostly later) to a
diocese
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associa ...
or even an
archdiocese (under a residential bishop), but some ceased to exist (at least under their name or extent) being suppressed or sometimes dismembered.
Europe
*
Iceland
Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...
(promoted Diocese of Reykjavík)
*
Rhodes and adjacent islands (insular Greece)
*
Apostolic Prefecture of Scotland (UK)
*Luxembourg (promoted Apostolic Vicariate, now Archdiocese )
Germany
*
Lausitz (Lusatia)
*
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein (; da, Slesvig-Holsten; nds, Sleswig-Holsteen; frr, Slaswik-Holstiinj) is the northernmost of the 16 states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Sc ...
Asia
Indian subcontinent
*
French Colonies in India (then French India)
*
Jubbulpore
Jabalpur is a city situated on the banks of Narmada River in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. According to the 2011 census, it is the third-largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the country's 38th-largest urban agglomeration. J ...
*
Madura
Madura Island is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately (administratively 5,379.33 km2 including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administrati ...
(Diocese of Tiruchirapalli)
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
Archipelago
An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.
Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Arc ...
* Bangka and Biliton (now
Diocese of Pangkal-Pinang)
* Brunei (now
Apostolic Vicariate of Brunei
The Apostolic Vicariate of Brunei Darussalam ( la, Vicariatus Apostolicus Bruneiensis) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction covering the territory of Brunei and headed by an ''apostolic vicar''. The first apostolic vicar was Corneli ...
)
* Labuan e Borneo, then Northern Borneo (now
Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu (Lat: ''Archdioecesis Kotakinabaluensis'') is a Metropolitan archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Sabah, a state of Malaysia on the island of Borneo. The Archdiocese is th ...
)
* Sarawak (now
Archdiocese of Kuching)
* Mindanào
* Mindoro (now
Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan
The Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan (Latin: ''Vicariatus Apostolicus Calapanensis'') is a Latin Church missionary jurisdiction or apostolic vicariate of the Catholic Church in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. In 2010, 756,000 residents had been bap ...
)
* Mountain Province (now
Diocese of Baguio
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Baguio (Latin: ''Dioecesis Baghiopolitana'') is a Latin Rite suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia on Luzon island in the Philippines.
Its see is Our L ...
)
* Palawan (now
Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa
The Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Princesa is a Latin Church missionary jurisdiction or apostolic vicariate of the Catholic Church located in the Province of Palawan, Philippines. Its cathedra is within Immaculate Conception Cathedral in the ...
)
* Sulu (now
Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo
The Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo is a Latin Catholic missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction covering the Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces in southern Philippines.
It is directly exempt to the Holy See, specifically Roman Congregation for the Evange ...
)
Americas
North and central America
*
Îles de la Terre Ferme (now Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre, )
*
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
South America
*
Alto Solimões (promoted diocese)
*
Apostolic Prefecture of Araucanía
*
Tefé
Tefé, known in early accounts as Teffé, is a municipality in the state of Amazonas, northern Brazil.
Location
Tefé is located about 525 km by air or 595 km by river to the west of Manaus on the south bank of the Rio Solimões (th ...
(now Territorial Prelature)
*
Tumaco
Tumaco is a port city and municipality in the Nariño Department, Colombia, by the Pacific Ocean. It is located on the southwestern corner of Colombia, near the border with Ecuador, and experiences a hot tropical climate. Tumaco is inhabited mai ...
Oceania
*
German Solomon Islands
*
Northern Solomon Islands
The Northern Solomons were the more northerly group of islands in the Solomon Islands (archipelago) over which Germany declared a protectorate in 1885. Initially, the German Solomon Islands Protectorate included, in the south-east, Choiseu ...
*
South Seas Islands
Africa and Indian Ocean
North Africa
*
Bahr el-Ghazal
*
Delta of the Nile (Egypt)
*
Equatorial Nile
*
Sahara and Sudan
Horn of Africa
*
Eritrea
Indian Ocean islands
* Islands of the Indian Ocean, then
Bourbon Bourbon may refer to:
Food and drink
* Bourbon whiskey, an American whiskey made using a corn-based mash
* Bourbon barrel aged beer, a type of beer aged in bourbon barrels
* Bourbon biscuit, a chocolate sandwich biscuit
* A beer produced by Bras ...
(now Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion)
West Africa
*
Bobo-Dioulasso
Bobo-Dioulasso is a city in Burkina Faso with a population of 904,920 (); it is the second-largest city in the country, after Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso's capital. The name means "home of the Bobo-Dioula".
The local Bobo-speaking population (r ...
(promoted Archdiocese, in Burkina Faso)
*
Katanga (then Belgian Congo)
*
Apostolic Prefecture of Kayes (now Diocese in Mali)
*
Mupoi (Diocese of Tombura-Yambio)
*
N’Zérékoré
*
Oubangui Chari (French colonial name of Central African Republic; now Metropolitan of Bangui)
See also
*
List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)
This is a growing list of territorial Catholic dioceses and ordinariates in communion with the Holy See. There are approximately 3,000 actual (i.e., non-titular) dioceses in the Catholic Church (including the eparchies of the Eastern Catholic Ch ...
*
List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)
As of October 5, 2021, the Catholic Church in its entirety comprises 3,171 ecclesiastical jurisdictions, including over 652 archdioceses and 2,248 dioceses, as well as apostolic vicariates, apostolic exarchates, apostolic administrations, apo ...
*
List of Roman Catholic archdioceses
The following is a current list of Catholic archdioceses ordered by continent and country (for the Latin Church) and by liturgical rite (for the Eastern Catholic Churches).
Many smaller countries, as well as large countries with small Catholic po ...
*
List of Catholic military ordinariates/(arch)dioceses
*
List of Catholic apostolic administrations (permanent or ad hoc)
*
List of Catholic apostolic vicariates
*
List of Eastern Catholic exarchates
*
List of Catholic territorial prelatures
*
List of Catholic missions ''sui juris''
References
Sources and external links
GCatholic.org - List of Current Apostolic Prefectures; and many other pages
{{Catholicism
Catholic ecclesiastical titles