Apolyterio ( el, Απολυτήριο; in
demotike, 1976–present) or phased out Apolytirion (; in
polytonic
Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period. The more complex polytonic orthography ( el, πολυτονικό σύστημα γραφής, translit=polytonikó sýstīma grafī́s), which includes fiv ...
,
katharevousa
Katharevousa ( el, Καθαρεύουσα, , literally "purifying anguage) is a conservative form of the Modern Greek language conceived in the late 18th century as both a literary language and a compromise between Ancient Greek and the contempor ...
, up until 1976) is the official senior
secondary education
Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale. Level 2 or lower secondary education (less commonly junior secondary education) is considered the second and final pha ...
school completion Certificate (graduation qualification) in
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
and
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is geo ...
, obtained after successfully completing the third grade of
lyceum
The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Generally in that type of school the th ...
. It is graded on a 20-point scale. Specific conditions and rules apply to the separate types of lyceum for the Pan-hellenic examinations which are in terms of the same or relevant Pan-hellenic examinations subjects of study as the General Lyceum type, such as the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL)
having its own four subjects for the Pan-hellenic examinations.
__TOC__
The types of lyceum (
Λύκειο) in Greece are:
* (''Protipo Lykeio''; Model Lyceum; 2015–Present)
* (''Mousiko Lykeio''; Musical Lyceum; 3 years, 1998–Present)
* (''Kalitexniko Lykeio''; Art Lyceum; 3 years, 2003–Present)
* (''Peiramtiko Lykeio''; Experimental Lyceum; 3 years, 2015–Present)
* (ΓΕΛ; ''Geniko Lykeio''; General Lyceum; 3 years, 1976–1996, 2006–Present)
* (ΓΕΛΔΕ ; i.e. comprehensive lyceum;
''Diapolitismiko Lykeio'', General Lyceum of Cross-Cultural Education; 3 years, 2018–Present)
* (ΕΠΑΛ; ''Epagelmatiko Lykeio''; Vocational Lyceum; EPAL; 3 years, 2006–Present)
* (''Esperino Geniko Lykeio''; Evening General Lyceum; 3 years, 1976–Present)
* (''Esperino Epagelmatiko Lykeio''; Evening Vocational Lyceum; 3 years)
* (Integrated Special Vocational Gymnasium-Lyceum; ΕΝ.Ε.Ε.ΓΥ-Λ)
* ''Ekklisiastiko Lykeio''; Ecclesiastical General Lyceum; 3 years, 2006–Present)
Greece
Changes over the years
The system and examinations accepted for entrance into Higher Education HE (Greek: ) in Greece went through major changes since 1980. The below timeline of lyceum subjects and Pan-hellenic exams subjects are from the General Lyceum (GEL) only and it is not an exhaustive list of the all types of lyceum nor their subjects nor their subjects of Pan-hellenic exams, while should not be relied upon as a one.
1984–1998
The most common/known Lyceum is the General Lyceum (Greek: , ''Geniko Lykeio'').
In the first 2 grades, all students are taught the same subjects. In 3rd grade, students followed a core programme of
general education and each ''Desmi'' (Α, Β, Γ, and Δ) followed a specialized program (Greek: / ''Desmi'' (singular), ''Desmes'' (plural)).
[.]
An Apolytirio of ''Geniko Lykeio'' included the
GPA
Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements for varying levels of achievements in a course. Grades can be assigned as letters (usually A through F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), as a percentage, or as a numbe ...
(scale 0–20), student's
conduct information and consisted of:
From 1984 until 1998 ''only'' the ''total score'' of the ''Panhellenic Examinations'' (Greek: ) was accepted for the
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The total Score was calculated from the individual scores, with one of the subjects having a higher weight percentage.
e.g. for A Desmi: Mathematics, B Desmi: Biology, etc.
The 4 ''Desmes'' () were:
Students had to preselect their choices in a numerical order of preference—using the bases of last year's Panhellenic Examinations' only as a guide—and submit them to their school on a given deadline, using a 4-pages machine-readable document (Greek: , ''michanografiko deltio'').
The results of the National Examinations determined not only who will pass into highest/higher education but also next year's bases.
The total individual score for every subject was 0–160
which was the sum of the 2 examiners' scores based on the scale 0–80 each. A remarking by a 3rd examiner would determine the final score if there was a large difference between the first two scores.
Maximum total score = ((160 x 1.15)+ (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95)) x 10 = 6400 units
*Units: (Greek: , ''moria'' (plural)), same numeric format with the bases.
First, the scores for every student and later the bases for each course were published in every school across the country, directly from the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. Bases were also being broadcast on Greek TV during the day.
It was allowed to keep the individual subjects' scores (up to 3) and resit on exams to increase the total score, but only for 2 more examinations.
1999–2004
There are three grades in ''Eniaio Lykeio'' and each grade is divided in classes.
The 1st grade of ''Eniaio Lykeio'' operates as an orientation year with a general knowledge programme.
The 2nd grade includes three directions: Humanities (Θεωρητική Κατεύθυνση), Science () and Technology ().
In the 3rd grade we have again the three directions but the Technology direction operates in two courses: i) the Technology and the Production course and ii) the Information Science and Services course.
In ''Eniaio Lykeio'', there is the Support Teaching Programme. This programme can be attended by those pupils who wish to do so, regardless of their performance.
Right of entrance have only the holders of the ''Apolytirio'' lyceum certificate.
The written examinations in the subjects, either at school's level or at national level, count equivalently towards the Apolytirio's GPA.
On the contrary, for entrance in highest education ''only'' the subjects examined nationally in written form are being considered.
The Apolytirio is detached completely from highest education's entrance.
2005–2013
Panhellenic National Level Examinations involve 6–7 subjects of the General Lyceum (3rd grade). Besides the Lyceum
Diploma
A diploma is a document awarded by an educational institution (such as a college or university) testifying the recipient has graduated by successfully completing their courses of studies. Historically, it has also referred to a charter or offici ...
(''Apolytirio'') the achievement score on a certificate awarded (, ''Bebaiosi'') takes into account final year school grade (school level evaluation) and the grades on 6 subjects of the National Examinations.
2014 - 2020
For the General Lyceum (GEL) are 4 orientation groups
including 4 subjects
each :(I) Humanities, Law and Social Sciences (II) Sciences (III) Health Sciences (IV) Economic and Computer Studies.
In 2019, the
Ministry of Education
An education ministry is a national or subnational government agency politically responsible for education. Various other names are commonly used to identify such agencies, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Pub ...
under Kostas Gavroglou of
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance ( el, Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς – Προοδευτική Συμμαχία, Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás – Proodeftikí Simachía), ...
, decided to replace Latin with sociology in the school curriculum. This decision was not met without opposition from academics related to classical humanist studies, who called the move "anachronistic" and the major opposition party,
New Democracy
New Democracy, or the New Democratic Revolution, is a concept based on Mao Zedong's Bloc of Four Social Classes theory in Chinese Communist Revolution, post-revolutionary China which argued originally that democracy in China would take a path ...
. In 2020,the Ministry of Education under
Niki Kerameus
Niki Kerameus (, , ) is a Greek lawyer and politician and the current Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, appointed by Kyriakos Mitsotakis. She was born in Thessaloniki on July 18, 1980 and is a member of the New Democracy party.
...
(
ND) reinstated Latin in the school curriculum, again with opposition from
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance ( el, Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς – Προοδευτική Συμμαχία, Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás – Proodeftikí Simachía), ...
and academics related to Sociology.
Since 2020
For the General Lyceum (GEL) are 3 orientation groups
including 3 subjects each: (I) Humanities Sciences (II) Sciences and Health Sciences (III) Economic and Computer Studies
Acceptance abroad
Although the total score from the Panhellenic Examinations determined the entrance in higher education in Greece, the final mark GPA (Grade Point Average) of the Apolytirio is the entry qualification most often requested in order to be accepted in higher education abroad. The results of the Panhellenic Examinations are usually not requested or are referred by different names such as ''General Entrance Examinations''.
See also
*
List of Secondary School Leaving Qualifications
A secondary school leaving qualification is a document signifying that the holder has fulfilled any secondary education requirements of their locality, often including the passage of a final qualification examination.
For each leaving certifica ...
*
Institutions of Highest Education in Greece
*
Academic grading in Greece
There are four grading systems (or scales) in Greece – four different GPA – one for higher education, one for secondary education, and two for primary education (grades 3 to 4 and 5 to 6).
Primary school
In 1st and 2nd grades in Greek pri ...
*
Education in Greece
Education in Greece is centralized and governed by the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs (Greek: , Υ.ΠΑΙ.Θ.) at all grade levels. The Ministry exercises control over public schools, formulates and implements legislation, adm ...
*
Education in Cyprus
Education in Cyprus is overseen by the Ministry of Education, Sports, Youth and Culture.
The education system is divided into pre-primary education (ages 3–6), primary education (ages 6–12), secondary education (ages 12–18) and higher educat ...
*
Educational stage
Educational stages are subdivisions of formal learning, typically covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) re ...
References
{{reflist, 2
Education in Greece
Education in Cyprus