Java view technologies and frameworks are

web-based A web application (or web app) is application software that is accessed using a web browser. Web applications are delivered on the World Wide Web to users with an active network connection. History In earlier computing models like client-serve ...

software libraries In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subro ...

that provide the

user interface In the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine f ...

, or " view-layer", of

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...

web application A web application (or web app) is application software that is accessed using a web browser. Web applications are delivered on the World Wide Web to users with an active network connection. History In earlier computing models like client-serve ...

s. Such

application framework In computer programming, an application framework consists of a software framework used by software developers to implement the standard structure of application software. Application frameworks became popular with the rise of graphical user inter ...

s are used for defining web pages and handling the

HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite model for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, ...

requests Request may refer to: * a question, a request for information * a petition, a formal document demanding something that is submitted to an authority. Request may also refer to: Computing and technology * in computer science, a message sent ...

(clicks) generated by those web pages. As a sub-category of

web framework A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources, and web APIs. Web frameworks provide a standard way to build an ...

s, view-layer frameworks often overlap to varying degrees with web frameworks that provide other functionality for Java web applications. Java view-layer frameworks often claim to support some or all of the

model–view–controller Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divide the related program logic into three interconnected elements. This is done to separate internal representations of infor ...

design pattern.

At a glance

Jakarta Faces Jakarta Faces, formerly Jakarta Server Faces and JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications. It was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process as part of the ...

(JSF),

Apache Tapestry Apache Tapestry is an open-source component-oriented Java web application framework conceptually similar to JavaServer Faces and Apache Wicket. Tapestry was created by Howard Lewis Ship, and was adopted by the Apache Software Foundation as a top- ...

and

Apache Wicket Apache Wicket, commonly referred to as Wicket, is a component-based web application framework for the Java programming language conceptually similar to JavaServer Faces and Tapestry. It was originally written by Jonathan Locke in April 2004. Ver ...

are competing component-based technologies, abstracting the stateless HTTP request-response cycle and the

Jakarta Servlet A Jakarta Servlet (formerly Java Servlet) is a Java software component that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to many types of requests, they most commonly implement web containers for hosting web application ...

API An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how ...

behind an

object-oriented Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of " objects", which can contain data and code. The data is in the form of fields (often known as attributes or ''properties''), and the code is in the form of ...

, event-driven component model. * In contrast, Struts and the Spring MVC Framework are action-oriented frameworks that provide a thinner

abstraction layer In computing, an abstraction layer or abstraction level is a way of hiding the working details of a subsystem. Examples of software models that use layers of abstraction include the OSI model for network protocols, OpenGL, and other graphics libra ...

over the servlet

. * Apache Tiles is a templating framework designed to work with Struts. *

Facelets In computing, Facelets is an open-source Web template system under the Apache license and the default view handler technology (aka view declaration language) for Jakarta Server Faces (JSF; formerly JavaServer Faces). The language requires ...

is a view definition and templating technology designed to work with JSF. * SiteMesh can be used with any Jakarta Pages (JSP). * Facelets, Tapestry and Wicket have their own templating approaches based on

HTML The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScri ...

XHTML Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated. While HTML, prior ...

. *

Apache Click Apache Click is a page and component oriented web application framework for the Java language and is built on top of the Java Servlet API. It is a free and open-source project distributed under the Apache license and runs on any JDK installa ...

uses HTML based

Apache Velocity Apache Velocity first released in April 2001, is a Java-based template engine that provides a template language to reference objects defined in Java code. It aims to ensure clean separation between the presentation tier and business tiers in a ...

templates and plain old Java objects (POJOs), with JSP optional.

Servlet API

The Servlet API is the foundation of almost all Java Web View technologies. Servlet provides the basic mechanism for writing Java

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differently ...

es for web applications. Servlets can respond to HTTP requests, create cookies and maintain sessions.

Jakarta Pages (JSP)

* Built on top of the Servlet API, JSP provides a document-centric, tag-based templates, server programming model which can generate many forms of textual content. * Java code may be embedded in JSP files and is compiled and executed when a request is received.

Apache Struts

* Struts provides for a decoupling of the Controller and the View. * Requests are received by a Java Class (Controller) which can decide which View to display. * The actual View can be written in different view technologies, like JSP, free marker template, velocity template etc. * An XML

configuration file In computing, configuration files (commonly known simply as config files) are files used to configure the parameters and initial settings for some computer programs. They are used for user applications, server processes and operating system ...

is used to specify the "Page Navigation", i.e. the flow of the request to the appropriate Controller, and which View to display based on the outcome of the Controller. * Competitor: Spring MVC, Grails

Apache Tapestry

* A component-based view framework. * Classes are written as POJOs and byte-code transformed at runtime * Configured with annotations and naming conventions rather than XML * Compared to JSPs, enforces a clear separation of

HTML markup An HTML element is a type of HTML (HyperText Markup Language) document component, one of several types of HTML nodes (there are also text nodes, comment nodes and others). The first used version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993 ...

and Java code. * HTML templates can be directly previewed by web designers * Changed component classes are live-reloaded into running application for faster development. * Uses the

Post/Redirect/Get Post/Redirect/Get (PRG) is a web development design pattern that lets the page shown after a form submission be reloaded, shared, or bookmarked without ill effects, such as submitting the form another time. When a web form is submitted to a se ...

navigation pattern for form submission. * Competitor: Wicket, JSF

Apache Tiles

* This is an HTML templating framework based on the

composite pattern In software engineering, the composite pattern is a partitioning design pattern. The composite pattern describes a group of objects that are treated the same way as a single instance of the same type of object. The intent of a composite is to "comp ...

. * It allows for the HTML page to be broken up into multiple "pagelets", called Templates, Definitions and Composing pages. * At runtime the pagelets are stitched together to generate the final HTML. Pages are written in JSP. * Competitor: SiteMesh

Apache Wicket

* A component-based view framework. * Pages directly interact with stateful Java components on the server. * Components and their state are managed by the Wicket framework, freeing the application developer from having to use HttpSession directly to manage state. * Does not require XML for configuration. * Compared to JSPs, enforces a clear separation of

and Java code. * Web page components are 'pushed' into the HTML markup from the code. * Competitor: Tapestry, JSF

Jakarta Faces (JSF) and Facelets

* A specification for component-based view frameworks. *

Eclipse Mojarra Jakarta Faces, formerly Jakarta Server Faces and JavaServer Faces (JSF) is a Java specification for building component-based user interfaces for web applications. It was formalized as a standard through the Java Community Process as part of ...

and

Apache MyFaces Apache MyFaces is an Apache Software Foundation project that creates and maintains an open-source JavaServer Faces implementation, along with several libraries of JSF components that can be deployed on the core implementation. The project is divi ...

implementations are available * Typically uses Facelets for XML/XHTML-based templating. * Classes are written as POJOs, with Annotations or XML configuration files used to associate them with page and component templates. * The

Unified Expression Language The Jakarta Expression Language (EL; formerly Expression Language and Unified Expression Language) is a special purpose programming language mostly used in Jakarta EE web applications for embedding and evaluating expressions in web pages. The ...

allows binding component fields and events to POJO bean properties and methods. * Conversion and validation constraints can be specified in Facelets and are automatically applied, normally resulting in reposting of the same page with error information in case of failure. * Navigation can be via configuration file rules or directly specified in the page. * Can transparently support

Ajax Ajax may refer to: Greek mythology and tragedy * Ajax the Great, a Greek mythological hero, son of King Telamon and Periboea * Ajax the Lesser, a Greek mythological hero, son of Oileus, the king of Locris * ''Ajax'' (play), by the ancient Gree ...

. * Competitor: Wicket, Tapestry

SiteMesh

* SiteMesh is an HTML templating framework based on the "Decoration" model. * It allows for the creation of a 'decoration' template which is then applied to any other HTML to generate a new HTML. * The newly generated HTML contains elements from the original HTML blended into the template. * This allows for the original HTML to be very simple and devoid of any formatting or layout specification. The template, in turn, is devoid of any actual information. * Blending the two allows for a consistent

look and feel In software design, the look and feel of a graphical user interface comprises aspects of its design, including elements such as colors, shapes, layout, and typefaces (the "look"), as well as the behavior of dynamic elements such as buttons, box ...

for all web pages. * Competitor: Tiles

Spark

* Spark a micro web framework built around a simple routing system * It runs on an embedded

Jetty A jetty is a structure that projects from land out into water. A jetty may serve as a breakwater, as a walkway, or both; or, in pairs, as a means of constricting a channel. The term derives from the French word ', "thrown", signifying somet ...

web server by default, but can be configured to run on other webservers. * It supports three different templates engines:

Velocity Velocity is the directional speed of an object in motion as an indication of its rate of change in position as observed from a particular frame of reference and as measured by a particular standard of time (e.g. northbound). Velocity i ...

FreeMarker Apache FreeMarker is a free Java-based template engine, originally focusing on dynamic web page generation with MVC software architecture. However, it is a general purpose template engine, with no dependency on servlets or HTTP or HTML, and is ...

and

Mustache A moustache (; en-US, mustache, ) is a strip of facial hair grown above the upper lip. Moustaches have been worn in various styles throughout history. Etymology The word "moustache" is French, and is derived from the Italian ''mustaccio'' ...

* It aims to facilitate rapid development, and does not make use of annotations or proprietary solutions.